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启蒙既有其因相似的时代大背景而形成的共性,又有其与具体的文化、历史、民族相联系而产生的个性。中国近代的启蒙思潮与西方的启蒙运动相似,都是以理性思考启迪民智反对蒙昧主义,以个性解放反对禁欲主义、专制主义。但是,中国的启蒙需要摆脱的枷锁来自封建伦理的桎梏,其特征是“伦理启蒙”。它始于明末清初对德性主义人性论的批判,其锋芒触及了封建专制的理论基石。
Enlightenment has its own common features formed by the similar background of the times, as well as its personality associated with the specific culture, history and nation. The enlightenment trend of modern China is similar to that of the Western Enlightenment. All of them are based on rational thinking, enlightening the wisdom and opposition to obscurantism, and liberating and opposing asceticism and despotism with individuality. However, the shackles China needs to get rid of its enlightenment come from the shackles of feudal ethics, which are characterized by “ethical enlightenment.” It began with the critique of the theory of human nature of morality in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties and touched the cornerstone of the feudal autocracy.