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一、材料 1.玻璃的种類玻璃的性质隨着它的成份与製造过程而各各不同,因此种類極多。在仪器制造部门最常用的約有下列四大類: (一)鹼玻璃以鹼金屬为主要成份的,称为“鹼玻璃”。但由於所含各种鹼金屬的相对成份不同,玻璃的物理性質(主要是指“軟化點”)也將發生很大变化,所以常又再分为: (1)钙鈉玻璃或鈉玻璃——主要成份为SiO_2,Na_2O及CaO。它的軟化點很低,加工处理比較容易,因此又称“軟玻璃”。 (2)鉀玻璃——主要成份除矽与钙外,还含多量鉀。軟化点較高,离開火焰就容易“硬”化,因此又称“硬玻璃”(也有人主張把所有软化點较高的玻璃都一律称为硬玻璃)。 (二)鉛玻璃铅玻璃的软化点实际上比軟玻璃的还要低。它的折射率特别大,所以常被用來作为製
First, the material 1. Types of glass The nature of glass with its composition and manufacturing process and each different, so a great variety. The most commonly used in the instrument manufacturing sector about the following four categories: (A) alkali glass as the main component of alkali metal, known as “alkali glass.” However, due to the relative composition of the various alkali metals contained in different glass physical properties (mainly refers to the “softening point”) will also have great changes, so often subdivided into: (1) soda glass or soda glass - - The main ingredients are SiO_2, Na_2O and CaO. Its softening point is very low, processing easier, it is also known as “soft glass.” (2) Potassium glass - the main ingredient in addition to silicon and calcium, but also contains a large amount of potassium. High softening point, left the flame easily “hard”, so called “hard glass” (some people advocate that all the softening point higher glass are always referred to as hard glass). (B) Lead glass The softening point of lead glass is actually lower than the soft glass. Its refractive index is particularly large, so it is often used as a system