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美国百年一遇洪水洪泛区内建筑物有6百多万幢,洪水损失分布十分广泛,20世纪后半叶,88%的美国郡县至少经历了一次洪水灾害。针对洪水灾害问题,美国国会于1968年提出并通过了国家洪水保险计划,并于1969年、1973年和1994年对该计划作了重大的修改和补充。本文描述了美国国家洪水保险计划的演变历程,指出了限制该计划发挥作用的有关问题,主要包括:(1)洪灾识别不完整、识别方法有缺陷;(2)洪灾预防措施既无法有效遏制洪水和海岸侵蚀引起的越来越严重的财产损失,也不能有效减少洪灾区已有建筑物的洪水损失;(3)尽管对洪泛区内的新建筑物采取了强制购买洪水保险的法律要求,并对旧建筑进行了保险补偿措施,但是,目前洪水保险的市场占有率仍然偏低。虽然这些问题已相当严重,但是通过联邦、州和地方各级政府的共同努力,并采取各种有效措施,这些问题还是可以补救的。
U.S. Floods in a Century Floods In more than 6 million buildings in floodplain, floods are widely distributed and in the second half of the 20th century 88% of U.S. counties experienced at least one flood disaster. In response to the flood disaster, the U.S. Congress proposed and adopted the National Flood Insurance Plan in 1968 and made significant changes and additions to the plan in 1969, 1973 and 1994. This paper describes the evolution of the U.S. National Flood Insurance Plan and points out the issues that limit the effectiveness of the plan. These include: (1) incomplete identification of floods, and inadequate identification methods; (2) flood prevention measures that neither effectively prevent flooding And the more and more serious property damage caused by coastal erosion can not effectively reduce the flood loss of existing buildings in flood-stricken areas. (3) Despite the legal requirements for compulsory purchase of flood insurance for new buildings in the floodplain, And the insurance compensation measures for the old buildings, however, the current market share of flood insurance is still low. Although these problems are quite serious, the problems can be remedied through the concerted efforts of the federal, state and local governments and the adoption of effective measures.