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摘要: 近断层长周期地震动是一类较特殊的破坏性地震动,对长周期结构的破坏尤为显著。为深入分析近断层地震动的工程特性,基于小波分析中的多尺度分析方法对近期12次典型破坏性地震的53条近断层地震动进行了分解,得到266条地震动分量。通过研究地震动分量的幅值、周期和双规准谱的特征,提出了一种评估近断层区建筑结构地震反应的方法。这种方法能够给出单自由度弹性体系在周期为0.3~20 s地震动分量作用下的最大绝对加速度反应,并综合考虑了场地和断层距的影响,给出了简洁的函数表达式,为近断层区建筑结构尤其是长周期结构的设计提供了参考依据。关键词: 地震反应谱; 近断层地震动; 长周期结构; 分解方法; 多尺度分析
中图分类号:P315.9; TU973.3+1文献标志码: A文章编号: 10044523(2015)02029111
DOI:10.16385/j.cnki.issn.10044523.2015.02.016
引言
近年来大地震的发生及其造成的近断层区的严重破坏引起人们对近断层地震动的极大关注[1~3]。近断层地震动的显著特征之一是断层破裂的方向性效应,这类地震动一般具有高速度幅值、短持时和明显的速度脉冲等特征[4,5]。研究表明,近断层脉冲型地震动会造成长周期结构的严重破坏[6,7]。随着越来越多的高层建筑、大跨度桥梁、海洋平台等长周期结构的大量建造,近断层地震动已成为长周期工程结构抗震设计必须考虑的内容[8~10]。
为定量地分析近断层地震动的工程特性,许多学者研究了近断层脉冲型地震动的等效以及单自由度和多自由度体系在等效脉冲地震动作用下的弹性及非弹性动力响应[11]。徐龙军[4]、Makris[12]、Alavi[13]和Bozorgnia[14]对长周期脉冲的等效提出了诸多模型和函数表达,为工程中等效地震动模型的选取提供了参考依据。Baker[15]、YaghmaeiSabegh[16]和Mollaioli[17]等采用连续小波变换的方法分离最大速度脉冲,为区分脉冲型地震动和非脉冲型地震动提出了判别准则。这些工作为近断层地震动的研究提出了诸多方法和宝贵意见,并获得了一些具有工程实用价值的结论,但其研究结果尚未能用于近断层区建筑结构的抗震设计。考虑到近断层地震动反应谱的特殊性,需要对近断层地震动进行单独的研究,给出适合近断层区抗震设计的设计谱[18~20]。但设计谱的传统研究方法是以大量的强震记录资料为基础的,而目前典型的近断层记录较少,加上受近断层作用复杂性的影响,对近断层地震动反应谱统计平均的结果必然离散性大,统计结果的不确定性也就使传统的研究方法失去了应用意义[21]。
为探求可靠的近断层区结构地震反应分析的方法,本文基于小波分析中多尺度分析方法对53条典型近断层地震动进行了分解,得到了266条地震动分量;详细分析了分量幅值、周期在场地、断层距影响因素下的变化规律;结合分量幅值、周期及其双规准谱的特性提出了一种标定特定周期单自由度弹性体系在不同周期地震动分量作用下的最大绝对加速度反应的地震动分量影响谱,以及一种标定不同周期单自由度弹性体系在所有可能地震动分量作用下的最大绝对加速度反应的近断层反应谱。
图13对文中的平均谱、近断层反应谱与《建筑抗震设计规范》GB50011—2010中规定的设计谱进行了对比。由于文中所选取记录的平均峰值加速度PGAm=0.5g,所以应与规范中罕遇地震8度设防的设计谱进行对比。其中,水平地震影响系数最大值αmax取1,特征周期Tg取0.4 s。此外,近断层反应谱在0~0.3 s周期段用水平直线表示。由图13知,设计谱能够反映平均谱的特征,但设计谱值远小于近断层反应谱值。因此,由传统方法(平均、拟合)得到的设计谱在长周期段的取值虽比平均谱大,但仍然偏小,且不能体现低频分量的多变性。文中的近断层反应谱能够给出近断层区结构可能出现的最大地震反应,地震动分量影响谱能够体现不同周期地震动分量作用下结构反应的变化情况,克服了传统方法的不足。
5结论
文中基于多尺度分解方法获取地震动的低频分量,通过研究低频分量的特性提出了一种评估近断层区结构地震反应的分析方法,为近断层区建筑结构设计中加速度参数的确定提供了参考依据,主要结果如下:
1)近断层地震动中的低频分量是造成该类地震动反应谱长周期段离散性偏大的关键因素。通过多尺度分解方法可将地震动中的低频分量逐次分解,进而单独研究地震动分量的特征。
2)相对对于复杂的原始地震动,地震动分量的特性(幅值、周期和反应谱等)在外在因素的影响下(场地和断层距)更具有明显的变化规律,且频率组成简单,因此更易于研究。
3)在进行近断层区长周期结构设计时,通过本文的地震动分量影响谱和近断层反应谱可以较为简便地确定目标结构的加速度反应,这种方法弥补了设计谱长周期段取值偏小以及不能体现低频分量多变性的不足。
参考文献:
[1]Galal K, Ghobarah A. Effect of nearfault earthquakes on North American nuclear design spectra[J]. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2006, 236(18):1 928—1 936.
[2]Luco N, Cornell C A. Structurespecific scalar intensity measures for nearsource and ordinary earthquake ground motions[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2007,23(2):357—392.
[3]Akkar S, Yazgan U, Gülkan P. Drift estimates in frame buildings subjected to nearfault ground motions[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2005,131(7):1 014—1 024. [4]Xu L J, RodriguezMarek A, Xie L L. Design spectra including effect of rupture directivity in nearfault region[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2006,5(2):159—170.
[5]Zamora M, Riddell R. Elastic and inelastic response spectra considering nearfault effects[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering , 2011,15(5):775—808.
[6]Adanur S, Altunisik A C, Bayraktar A, et al. Comparison of nearfault and farfault ground motion effects on geometrically nonlinear earthquake behavior of suspension bridges[J]. Natural Hazards, 2012,64(1):593—614.
[7]Cavdar . Probabilistic sensitivity analysis of two suspension bridges in Istanbul, Turkey to near and farfault ground motion[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2012,12(2):459—473.
[8]王君杰,王前信,江近仁. 大跨拱桥在空间变化地震动下的响应[J]. 振动工程学报,1995,8(2):119—126.
Wang J J, Wang Q X, Jiang J R. Random response of longspan arch bridge under spatially variable seismic excitations[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 1995,8(2):119—126.
[9]谢礼立,周雍年,胡成祥,等. 地震动反应谱的长周期特性[J]. 地震工程与工程振动,1990,10(1):1—20.
Xie L L, Zhou Y N, Hu C X, et al. Ground motion response spectral characteristics of longperiod[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 1990,10(1):1—20.
[10]马长飞,谭平,张亚辉,等. 近场地震作用下考虑PΔ效应的首层柱顶隔震结构地震反应分析[J]. 振动工程学报,2012,25(4):339—445.
Ma C F, Tan P, Zhang Y H, et al. Seismic analysis of firstfloor column top isolation structures subjected to nearfield ground motions considering PΔ effects[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2012,25(4):339—445.
[11]Xie L L, Xu L J, RodriguezMarek A. Representation of nearfault pulsetype ground motion[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration , 2005,4(2):191—199.
[12]Makris N. Rigidityplasticityviscosity: can electrorheological dampers protect baseisolated structures from nearsource ground motions ? [J]. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 1997,26(5):571—591.
[13]Alavi B, Krawinkler H. Effects of nearfault ground motions on frame structures[A]. Blume Center Report 138[C]. California, Stanford University, 2001:68—85.
[14]Bozorgnia Y, Mahin S A. Ductility and strength demands of nearfault ground motions of the Northridge earthquake [A]. Proceedings of the 6th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C]. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Seattle, 1998.
[15]Baker J W. Quantitative classification of nearfault ground motions using wavelet analysis[J]. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, 2007,97(5):1 486—1 501. [16]YaghmaeiSabegh S. Detection of pulselike ground motions based on continues wavelet transform[J]. Journal of Seismology, 2010,14(4):715—726.
[17]Mollaioli F, Bosi A. Wavelet analysis for the characterization of forwarddirectivity pulselike ground motions on energy basis[J]. Meccanica, 2012,47(1):203—219.
[18]Iervolino I, Chioccarelli E, Baltzopoulos G. Inelastic displacement ratio of nearsource pulselike ground motions[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2012,41(15):2 351—2 357.
[19]Maniatakis C A, Spyrakos C C. A new methodology to determine elastic displacement spectra in the nearfault region[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2012,35:41—58.
[20]Rupakhety R, Sigurdsson S U, Papageorgiou A S, et al. Quantification of groundmotion parameters and response spectra in the nearfault region[J]. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2011, 9(4): 893—930.
[21]徐龙军. 统一抗震设计谱理论及其应用[D]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2006.
Xu L J. Theory and applications of uniform seismic design spectrum[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology,2006.
[22]Meyer Y. Wavelets: Algorithms and Applications [M]. Philadelphia:SIAM,1993.
[23]Mallat S G. A theory of multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989,11(7):674—693.
[24]Yuen K V, Mu H Q. Peak ground acceleration estimation by linear and nonlinear models with reduced order Monte Carlo simulation[J]. ComputerAided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 2011,26(1):30—47.
[25]Irwansyah E, Winarko E, Rasjid Z E, et al. Earthquake hazard zonation using peak ground acceleration (PGA) approach[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing, 2013,423(1):012067.
[26]Xu L J, Xie L L. Binormalized response spectral characteristics of the 1999 ChiChi earthquake[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2004,3(2):147—155.
Abstract: The nearfault ground motion with long period is one special kind of destructive ground motions and has significant damage to long period structures particularly. For further research on the effects of nearfault ground motion to structures, 53 typical nearfault ground motions that selected from 12 recent major earthquakes were decomposed based on multiscale analysis method in wavelet theory, and a total of 266 ground motion components were obtained. A method to estimate seismic response of buildings that constructed in nearfault region was proposed by research on the characteristics of ground motion components, including amplitude, period and binormalized response spectra. This method is able to give the maximum absolute acceleration response of single degree freedom elastic system under the effect of ground motion components with period range from 0.3 s to 20 s. The impact of site and rupture distance was considered, and a simple function was given. This method can provide detailed reference for the design of nearfault region structures, especially for long period structures.
Key words: seismic response spectrum; nearfault ground motion; longperiod structure; decomposition method; multiscale analysis
中图分类号:P315.9; TU973.3+1文献标志码: A文章编号: 10044523(2015)02029111
DOI:10.16385/j.cnki.issn.10044523.2015.02.016
引言
近年来大地震的发生及其造成的近断层区的严重破坏引起人们对近断层地震动的极大关注[1~3]。近断层地震动的显著特征之一是断层破裂的方向性效应,这类地震动一般具有高速度幅值、短持时和明显的速度脉冲等特征[4,5]。研究表明,近断层脉冲型地震动会造成长周期结构的严重破坏[6,7]。随着越来越多的高层建筑、大跨度桥梁、海洋平台等长周期结构的大量建造,近断层地震动已成为长周期工程结构抗震设计必须考虑的内容[8~10]。
为定量地分析近断层地震动的工程特性,许多学者研究了近断层脉冲型地震动的等效以及单自由度和多自由度体系在等效脉冲地震动作用下的弹性及非弹性动力响应[11]。徐龙军[4]、Makris[12]、Alavi[13]和Bozorgnia[14]对长周期脉冲的等效提出了诸多模型和函数表达,为工程中等效地震动模型的选取提供了参考依据。Baker[15]、YaghmaeiSabegh[16]和Mollaioli[17]等采用连续小波变换的方法分离最大速度脉冲,为区分脉冲型地震动和非脉冲型地震动提出了判别准则。这些工作为近断层地震动的研究提出了诸多方法和宝贵意见,并获得了一些具有工程实用价值的结论,但其研究结果尚未能用于近断层区建筑结构的抗震设计。考虑到近断层地震动反应谱的特殊性,需要对近断层地震动进行单独的研究,给出适合近断层区抗震设计的设计谱[18~20]。但设计谱的传统研究方法是以大量的强震记录资料为基础的,而目前典型的近断层记录较少,加上受近断层作用复杂性的影响,对近断层地震动反应谱统计平均的结果必然离散性大,统计结果的不确定性也就使传统的研究方法失去了应用意义[21]。
为探求可靠的近断层区结构地震反应分析的方法,本文基于小波分析中多尺度分析方法对53条典型近断层地震动进行了分解,得到了266条地震动分量;详细分析了分量幅值、周期在场地、断层距影响因素下的变化规律;结合分量幅值、周期及其双规准谱的特性提出了一种标定特定周期单自由度弹性体系在不同周期地震动分量作用下的最大绝对加速度反应的地震动分量影响谱,以及一种标定不同周期单自由度弹性体系在所有可能地震动分量作用下的最大绝对加速度反应的近断层反应谱。
图13对文中的平均谱、近断层反应谱与《建筑抗震设计规范》GB50011—2010中规定的设计谱进行了对比。由于文中所选取记录的平均峰值加速度PGAm=0.5g,所以应与规范中罕遇地震8度设防的设计谱进行对比。其中,水平地震影响系数最大值αmax取1,特征周期Tg取0.4 s。此外,近断层反应谱在0~0.3 s周期段用水平直线表示。由图13知,设计谱能够反映平均谱的特征,但设计谱值远小于近断层反应谱值。因此,由传统方法(平均、拟合)得到的设计谱在长周期段的取值虽比平均谱大,但仍然偏小,且不能体现低频分量的多变性。文中的近断层反应谱能够给出近断层区结构可能出现的最大地震反应,地震动分量影响谱能够体现不同周期地震动分量作用下结构反应的变化情况,克服了传统方法的不足。
5结论
文中基于多尺度分解方法获取地震动的低频分量,通过研究低频分量的特性提出了一种评估近断层区结构地震反应的分析方法,为近断层区建筑结构设计中加速度参数的确定提供了参考依据,主要结果如下:
1)近断层地震动中的低频分量是造成该类地震动反应谱长周期段离散性偏大的关键因素。通过多尺度分解方法可将地震动中的低频分量逐次分解,进而单独研究地震动分量的特征。
2)相对对于复杂的原始地震动,地震动分量的特性(幅值、周期和反应谱等)在外在因素的影响下(场地和断层距)更具有明显的变化规律,且频率组成简单,因此更易于研究。
3)在进行近断层区长周期结构设计时,通过本文的地震动分量影响谱和近断层反应谱可以较为简便地确定目标结构的加速度反应,这种方法弥补了设计谱长周期段取值偏小以及不能体现低频分量多变性的不足。
参考文献:
[1]Galal K, Ghobarah A. Effect of nearfault earthquakes on North American nuclear design spectra[J]. Nuclear Engineering and Design, 2006, 236(18):1 928—1 936.
[2]Luco N, Cornell C A. Structurespecific scalar intensity measures for nearsource and ordinary earthquake ground motions[J]. Earthquake Spectra, 2007,23(2):357—392.
[3]Akkar S, Yazgan U, Gülkan P. Drift estimates in frame buildings subjected to nearfault ground motions[J]. Journal of Structural Engineering, 2005,131(7):1 014—1 024. [4]Xu L J, RodriguezMarek A, Xie L L. Design spectra including effect of rupture directivity in nearfault region[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2006,5(2):159—170.
[5]Zamora M, Riddell R. Elastic and inelastic response spectra considering nearfault effects[J]. Journal of Earthquake Engineering , 2011,15(5):775—808.
[6]Adanur S, Altunisik A C, Bayraktar A, et al. Comparison of nearfault and farfault ground motion effects on geometrically nonlinear earthquake behavior of suspension bridges[J]. Natural Hazards, 2012,64(1):593—614.
[7]Cavdar . Probabilistic sensitivity analysis of two suspension bridges in Istanbul, Turkey to near and farfault ground motion[J]. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 2012,12(2):459—473.
[8]王君杰,王前信,江近仁. 大跨拱桥在空间变化地震动下的响应[J]. 振动工程学报,1995,8(2):119—126.
Wang J J, Wang Q X, Jiang J R. Random response of longspan arch bridge under spatially variable seismic excitations[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 1995,8(2):119—126.
[9]谢礼立,周雍年,胡成祥,等. 地震动反应谱的长周期特性[J]. 地震工程与工程振动,1990,10(1):1—20.
Xie L L, Zhou Y N, Hu C X, et al. Ground motion response spectral characteristics of longperiod[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 1990,10(1):1—20.
[10]马长飞,谭平,张亚辉,等. 近场地震作用下考虑PΔ效应的首层柱顶隔震结构地震反应分析[J]. 振动工程学报,2012,25(4):339—445.
Ma C F, Tan P, Zhang Y H, et al. Seismic analysis of firstfloor column top isolation structures subjected to nearfield ground motions considering PΔ effects[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2012,25(4):339—445.
[11]Xie L L, Xu L J, RodriguezMarek A. Representation of nearfault pulsetype ground motion[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration , 2005,4(2):191—199.
[12]Makris N. Rigidityplasticityviscosity: can electrorheological dampers protect baseisolated structures from nearsource ground motions ? [J]. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 1997,26(5):571—591.
[13]Alavi B, Krawinkler H. Effects of nearfault ground motions on frame structures[A]. Blume Center Report 138[C]. California, Stanford University, 2001:68—85.
[14]Bozorgnia Y, Mahin S A. Ductility and strength demands of nearfault ground motions of the Northridge earthquake [A]. Proceedings of the 6th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering[C]. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Seattle, 1998.
[15]Baker J W. Quantitative classification of nearfault ground motions using wavelet analysis[J]. Bulletin of Seismological Society of America, 2007,97(5):1 486—1 501. [16]YaghmaeiSabegh S. Detection of pulselike ground motions based on continues wavelet transform[J]. Journal of Seismology, 2010,14(4):715—726.
[17]Mollaioli F, Bosi A. Wavelet analysis for the characterization of forwarddirectivity pulselike ground motions on energy basis[J]. Meccanica, 2012,47(1):203—219.
[18]Iervolino I, Chioccarelli E, Baltzopoulos G. Inelastic displacement ratio of nearsource pulselike ground motions[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics, 2012,41(15):2 351—2 357.
[19]Maniatakis C A, Spyrakos C C. A new methodology to determine elastic displacement spectra in the nearfault region[J]. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 2012,35:41—58.
[20]Rupakhety R, Sigurdsson S U, Papageorgiou A S, et al. Quantification of groundmotion parameters and response spectra in the nearfault region[J]. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 2011, 9(4): 893—930.
[21]徐龙军. 统一抗震设计谱理论及其应用[D]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2006.
Xu L J. Theory and applications of uniform seismic design spectrum[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology,2006.
[22]Meyer Y. Wavelets: Algorithms and Applications [M]. Philadelphia:SIAM,1993.
[23]Mallat S G. A theory of multiresolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation[J]. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, 1989,11(7):674—693.
[24]Yuen K V, Mu H Q. Peak ground acceleration estimation by linear and nonlinear models with reduced order Monte Carlo simulation[J]. ComputerAided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering, 2011,26(1):30—47.
[25]Irwansyah E, Winarko E, Rasjid Z E, et al. Earthquake hazard zonation using peak ground acceleration (PGA) approach[J]. Journal of Physics: Conference Series. IOP Publishing, 2013,423(1):012067.
[26]Xu L J, Xie L L. Binormalized response spectral characteristics of the 1999 ChiChi earthquake[J]. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 2004,3(2):147—155.
Abstract: The nearfault ground motion with long period is one special kind of destructive ground motions and has significant damage to long period structures particularly. For further research on the effects of nearfault ground motion to structures, 53 typical nearfault ground motions that selected from 12 recent major earthquakes were decomposed based on multiscale analysis method in wavelet theory, and a total of 266 ground motion components were obtained. A method to estimate seismic response of buildings that constructed in nearfault region was proposed by research on the characteristics of ground motion components, including amplitude, period and binormalized response spectra. This method is able to give the maximum absolute acceleration response of single degree freedom elastic system under the effect of ground motion components with period range from 0.3 s to 20 s. The impact of site and rupture distance was considered, and a simple function was given. This method can provide detailed reference for the design of nearfault region structures, especially for long period structures.
Key words: seismic response spectrum; nearfault ground motion; longperiod structure; decomposition method; multiscale analysis