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1.前言透射电镜出现的初期,以样品的复型作为观察分析的对象,主要起到了将光学显微镜以形貌观察为主的方法延伸到高倍的范围。随着样品薄膜制备技术的发展,电镜在材料研究工作中的应用起了质的变化。除了外貌之外,人们可以从电子衍射及衍衬象的的分析中获得丰富的关于晶体结构(类型、惯析面、取向等)、缺陷(层错、位错、第二相颗粒等)、成分和相变的信息,使得电镜分析成了材料研究中的“常规武器”而得到普遍应用。从近年来发表的文献、会议中宣读的论文及一些博士论文中,我们可以发现,材料研究工作者们除了采用电镜分析中惯用的“模式”,即明场象→衍射花样→暗场象这样一套常规程序进行分析之外,还力求掌握更多新原理,采用更为复杂的技术,来获取更多的信息。解决诸如相变机理、材料精细结构等问题。所以,弱束、会聚束、微衍射和晶格象等技术也得到了更为广泛的应用。事实表明,凡是首先将某一新技术成功地应用于一个新领域,那他就可以首先获得前所未有的新信息,使人们对于这个领域或事物的认识前进一大步。下面就我们比较熟悉的领域考查一下应用电镜从事钢材料研究的实例。必须注意到的
1. INTRODUCTION Transmission electron microscopy appears early, with the complex model of the sample as the object of observation and analysis, the main played a light microscope morphology to the main method extends to high magnification range. With the development of sample film preparation technology, electron microscopy has played a qualitative change in the material research work. In addition to the appearance, one can obtain abundant information about the crystal structure (type, inertial plane, orientation, etc.), defects (faults, dislocations, second phase particles, etc.) from the analysis of electron diffraction and diffraction pattern, Information on the composition and phase transitions has led to the widespread use of TEM analysis as “conventional weapons” in material research. From the literature published in recent years, the papers read in the conference and some Ph.D. dissertations, we can find that material researchers, apart from using the usual “mode” in electron microscopy analysis, that is, bright field images → diffraction patterns → dark field images In addition to analyzing a set of routine procedures, it also seeks to grasp more new principles and adopt more sophisticated techniques to obtain more information. Solve problems such as phase transition mechanism, material fine structure. Therefore, weak beam, convergence beam, micro-diffraction and lattice imaging techniques have also been more widely used. The fact is that any successful application of a new technology to a new field at first gives him a fresh start in getting new information first and makes a big step forward in recognizing this field or thing. Below we are more familiar with the field to examine the application of electron microscopy in steel materials research examples. Must be noticed