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第二次鸦片战争以来,俄罗斯乘清政府忙于东南战事无暇北顾之机,迫使清政府先后签订了《中俄瑷珲条约》、《中俄北京条约》、《中俄勘分西北界约记》等一系列丧权辱国的不平等条约,割占了中国东北、西北的大片领土,成为了清王朝北部最危险的敌人。在此之前,因鸦片战争而被道光帝遣戍伊犁的林则徐就曾注意到了俄罗斯的扩张野心,并预言:“为中国患者,其俄罗斯乎!”奕沂等也在1861年所上统筹全局折中称:“臣等就今日之势论之:发、捻交乘,心腹之害也:俄国壤地相接,有蚕食上国之志,肘腋之患也。故灭发、捻为先,治俄次之,治英又次之。”尽管清政府之有识之士已经非常清晰地洞察出俄罗斯的侵略野心,并将防范俄罗斯进一步扩张作为外交事务中的首要任务,但是在具体执行过程中却罕见切实有效之举措。不惟如此,即使对于这个强敌的了解也远远谈不上真切、深入,甚至很长的时间内都没有人前去游历或者出使,以探虚实。
Since the Second Opium War, Russia took the Qing government’s busy overtaking of the southeastern war and north, forcing the Qing government to sign the Treaties of Sino-Russian Slander, Treaty of Sino-Russian Beijing, Treaty of North and West China A series of unequal treaties, such as humiliating the country and humiliating the country, seized large areas of northeastern and northwestern China and became the most dangerous enemy to the north of the Qing dynasty. Prior to that, Lin Zexu, who had been deposed by Yugoslav Dauphin since the Opium War, had noticed Russia’s ambition to expand and predicted: “For the Chinese patients, their Russian peace!” YI Yi also co-ordinated the overall plan in 1861 Said: “Chen et al on today’s trend theory: hair, twine cross by, the harm of confidants also: Russia connected to the soil, the eclipse of the will of China, the elbow armpit suffering also. Therefore, the outbreak, twisting first, governance Russia followed the rule of Britain. ”Although the Qing government’s insightful people have very clearly insight into Russia’s aggressive ambitions and will prevent Russia from further expansion as the most important task in foreign affairs, but in the specific implementation process It is rare and effective measures. Not only that, even if the understanding of this powerful enemy is far from real, in-depth, even a very long time no one travel or ambassador to explore the actual situation.