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公元1126年,女真军队攻克开封,北宋灭亡。宋高宗带领一班文武南渡长江,并于1127年在临安(今杭州)再建政权,史称南宋。南宋时期,民族矛盾和阶级矛盾十分尖锐。对外,朝廷继续实行投降政策;对内,在血腥镇压农民起义和太学生运动的同时,又崇褒理学以控制人民思想。政见的分歧,导致了思想领域的复杂斗争:既有理学内部客观唯心主义与主观唯心主义的论争,又有事功学派反对理学唯心主义的斗争。在这一斗争中,他们从不同的动机出发,程度不同地阐述了民本思想。 南宋时期民本思想的集大成者是朱熹,他凝一生心血注释《四书》,在注释中反复引用“民惟邦本,本固邦宁”的古训,指出“天下者,天下之天下,非一人之私有故也。”(《四书章句集注》,《孟子集注》卷9)系统地阐发了自己的民本思想。在注释《大学》“道得众则得国,失众则失国”时,朱熹说:“有天下者,能存此心而不失,则所以砠矩而与民同欲者,自不能已矣”(同上)。《大学章句》提出了“有天下者”必须“与民同欲”的思想。特别是在注释《孟子》“民为贵,社稷次之,君为轻”时,他明确指出:“国以民为本,社稷亦为民而立,”“社稷虽重于君而轻于民也。”(同上,《孟子集注》卷14)基此,他提出统治者要努力争“得民心”。在注释《孟子》“得乎丘民而为天子”时,他说
AD 1126, the Juggernaut captured Kaifeng, the Northern Song Dynasty perish. Song Gaozong led a group of civil and military Nandu Yangtze River, and in 1127 in Lin’an (now Hangzhou) to build the regime, known as the Southern Song Dynasty. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the contradictions between ethnic groups and classes were very sharp. In the meantime, the court continued to surrender its policy of surrender; at the same time, while suppressing bloody suppression of the peasant uprising and the movement of too-students, it also advocated rationalism to control people’s thinking. Political disagreements led to a complex struggle in the field of thought: both the controversy of objective idealism and subjective idealism within the Neo-Confucianism, and the struggle of the school of thought against the rationalist idealism. In this struggle, they set out from different motives and explained the people-based thinking to different degrees. In his notes, he repeatedly quoted the ancient code of “the people, the state, and the mother of the people,” pointing out that “all the world, the world is not a person The private sake too. ”(“ Four Books Annotation ”,“ Mencius Proverbs ”Volume 9) systematically elucidated his own people-based thinking. In annotating “University”, “Dodangzhong is a nation where the lost masses lose the country,” Zhu Xi said: “There are people in the world who can save this without losing, Already done ”(ibid.). The “Chapter of the University” put forward the idea that “there are people in the world” that must be “same as the people”. Especially when annotating “Mencius” and “people are expensive, the second one is a light one,” he made it clear that “the state is people-oriented and the people and the people are also established for the people.” Although the “people of the world” “(Ibid.,” Mencius Proverbs “Vol. 14) Based on this, he proposed that the rulers should strive to win” popular support. “ In annotating ”Mencius,“ ”Too honor the Qiu Min as the emperor," he said