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筹备立宪是清末历时数年的一大政事,随着清朝灭亡才告最终收场。如果仅以“一场骗局”的笼统结论取代对它的具体分析,即是把问题简单化了。事实上,它的内容和社会影响是颇为复杂的。本文试就其导致了清统治集团内部的思想分化,从而造成封建专制思想理论防线的自戕方面试作探讨。 1 中国步入近代以后,随着社会急剧变化和“西学”的日益渐染,清统治集团内部发生过几次较为明显的思想分化:第一次是地主阶级改革派与复古守旧派的思想分化,第二次是洋务派与顽固派的思想分化;第三次即筹备立宪期间主张立宪派与反对派的思想分化。而对这最后一次,在我们以往的研究中是没有予以应有注意的。 清朝统治集团内部几次较大的思想分化,既相对独立,各具特点;又相互联系,上下承启,显示出一条迂缓曲折而又合乎历史逻辑的演变轨迹。
Preparatory constitutionalism lasted for many years in the late Qing Dynasty, a major event, with the demise of the Qing Dynasty finally ended. If we simply replace the specific analysis of it with the general conclusion of “a scam,” that is to simplify the problem. In fact, its content and social impact are rather complicated. This article tries to lead to the internal division of the ideology of the ruling group, resulting in feudal autocratic ideological and theoretical self-defense aspects of the trial for discussion. After China entered the modern era, with the rapid social changes and the gradual deepening of “Western Learning,” there were several obvious ideological divisions within the Qing dynasty: the first was the ideological division between the landlord class and the old school , The second is the ideological division between the Westernization and the die-hards, the third is the ideological separation between the constitutionalists and the opposition during the preparation for the constitutional period. This last time, in our previous studies, did not give due attention. Several major divisions of thought within the Qing dynasty’s ruling clique are relatively independent and have their own characteristics. They are interconnected and open upwards and downwards, showing an evolutionary trajectory that is tortuous and consistent with historical logic.