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水通道蛋白是九十年代初发现的存在于哺乳动物和植物细胞膜上转运水的特异孔道。目前已鉴定出至少５种水通道，ＡＱＰ１是该家族最早成员，含有特征性重复串联序列ＮＰＡ，该蛋白在膜上为四聚体结构。ＡＱＰ１存在于包括肾在内的多种组织和细胞内，特别是那些与液体吸收和分泌有关的上皮细胞及可能协同水跨细胞转运的内皮细胞中，参与水的跨膜转运及水平衡调节。水通道的研究有助于人们了解某些疾病如肾衰、脑水肿等发生的病理生理学机制并为其治疗提供有益的探索。
Aquaporins are found in the early nineties exist in the mammalian and plant cell membrane specific pore transport water. At least five water channels have been identified and AQP1 is the earliest member of the family and contains the characteristic repeated tandem sequence NPA, which is a tetrameric structure on the membrane. AQP1 is involved in the transmembrane transport of water and in the regulation of water balance in various tissues and cells, including the kidneys, especially in those epithelial cells involved in fluid absorption and secretion, and in endothelial cells that may coordinate the transcellular transport of water. The study of water channel helps to understand the pathophysiological mechanism of some diseases such as renal failure, cerebral edema and so on, and provides a useful exploration for its treatment.