论文部分内容阅读
汉语有“他”“她”和“它”之分,英语也有“性”之别。英语名词通常分为阳性、阴性、通性和中性。现将英语名词性的表示法简要归纳如下:
1. 由阳性名词加后缀-ess构成阴性名词,如:
god 神 goddess 女神
emperor 皇帝 emperess 女皇
host 男主人 hostess 女主人
actor 男演员 actress 女演员
tiger 虎 tigress 母虎
2. 由通性名词前加阳性名词(man, boy, male, he, father, cock等)或阴性名词(woman, girl, famale, she, mother, hen等),如:
man teacher 男教师 woman teacher 女教师
boy friend 男朋友 girl friend 女朋友
male elephant 雄象 female monkey 母猴
he-wolf 公狼 she-goal 母山羊
father crocodile 公鳄鱼 mother bird 母鸟
peacock 雄孔雀 peahen 雌孔雀
3. 少数由man,woman等构成的合成词为通性名词,如:
His girl cousin is a freshman at college. 他的表妹是大一新生。
Our motherland has a long history. 我们的祖国有着悠久的历史。
Madam Chairman speaking at the meeting worked abroad ten years ago. 作报告的女主席10年前曾在国外工作。
4. 少数由阴性名词转换的阳性名词,如:
bride 新娘 bridegroom 新郎
widow 寡妇 widower 鳏夫
5. 常用she (her)指代无生命物(如moon, earth, ship, car, school, city, country等),含有亲切、喜爱之意,如:
What a lovely ship! What is she called? 多可爱的船呀!她叫什么名字?
This university taught them as much English as she could. 那所大学尽其所能地教给他们英语。
China is a great socialist country. She has a long history and it lies in the east of Asia. 中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家,她有着悠久的历史,位于亚洲的东部。(country在强调其政治,文化属性时用she/her指代,说明地理位置时用it指代。)
6. 当不强调其性别,如指代婴幼儿及无生命的东西或动物时,用it(its),如:
The baby smiled when it saw its mother. 小孩见到母亲就笑了。
The dog was howling—its paw was hurt. 那条狗在嗥叫——它的爪子受伤了。
7. 不定代词anyone, everyone, one, each等,一般用阳性代词he(his),如:
Everyone should do his best to serve the society. 每一个人都应尽其所能地服务于社会。
Each has his merits. 各人有各人的优点。
有时为了避免男女人称使用上的不便,也可用其复数,如:
Each member of the team will do their best. 队里每一个人都会尽他们所能。
8. 当and连接两个单数名词,一个阳性,一个阴性,并且前面有every或each修饰时,其后的有关代词用his,如:
Every boy and every girl must do his homework carefully. 每个男孩女孩都得认真做作业。
Every man and woman has his own opinion. 每个男人、女人都有其自己的观点。
9. 当人的性别不能确定或不详时常用he(不用she)指代,如:
A martyr is someone who gives up his life for his belief. 烈士是为了他自己的信念而献身的人。
10. 当动物没有表示出它们的性别或者不清楚其性别时常常被看作阳性,另外,一般体大力强的动物视为阳性,体弱力小的看成阴性,如:
The elephant lifted its mighty trunk. 大象抬起它强有力的长鼻子。
The cat would eat fish and would not wet her feet. 猫想吃鱼又怕湿脚。
1. 由阳性名词加后缀-ess构成阴性名词,如:
god 神 goddess 女神
emperor 皇帝 emperess 女皇
host 男主人 hostess 女主人
actor 男演员 actress 女演员
tiger 虎 tigress 母虎
2. 由通性名词前加阳性名词(man, boy, male, he, father, cock等)或阴性名词(woman, girl, famale, she, mother, hen等),如:
man teacher 男教师 woman teacher 女教师
boy friend 男朋友 girl friend 女朋友
male elephant 雄象 female monkey 母猴
he-wolf 公狼 she-goal 母山羊
father crocodile 公鳄鱼 mother bird 母鸟
peacock 雄孔雀 peahen 雌孔雀
3. 少数由man,woman等构成的合成词为通性名词,如:
His girl cousin is a freshman at college. 他的表妹是大一新生。
Our motherland has a long history. 我们的祖国有着悠久的历史。
Madam Chairman speaking at the meeting worked abroad ten years ago. 作报告的女主席10年前曾在国外工作。
4. 少数由阴性名词转换的阳性名词,如:
bride 新娘 bridegroom 新郎
widow 寡妇 widower 鳏夫
5. 常用she (her)指代无生命物(如moon, earth, ship, car, school, city, country等),含有亲切、喜爱之意,如:
What a lovely ship! What is she called? 多可爱的船呀!她叫什么名字?
This university taught them as much English as she could. 那所大学尽其所能地教给他们英语。
China is a great socialist country. She has a long history and it lies in the east of Asia. 中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家,她有着悠久的历史,位于亚洲的东部。(country在强调其政治,文化属性时用she/her指代,说明地理位置时用it指代。)
6. 当不强调其性别,如指代婴幼儿及无生命的东西或动物时,用it(its),如:
The baby smiled when it saw its mother. 小孩见到母亲就笑了。
The dog was howling—its paw was hurt. 那条狗在嗥叫——它的爪子受伤了。
7. 不定代词anyone, everyone, one, each等,一般用阳性代词he(his),如:
Everyone should do his best to serve the society. 每一个人都应尽其所能地服务于社会。
Each has his merits. 各人有各人的优点。
有时为了避免男女人称使用上的不便,也可用其复数,如:
Each member of the team will do their best. 队里每一个人都会尽他们所能。
8. 当and连接两个单数名词,一个阳性,一个阴性,并且前面有every或each修饰时,其后的有关代词用his,如:
Every boy and every girl must do his homework carefully. 每个男孩女孩都得认真做作业。
Every man and woman has his own opinion. 每个男人、女人都有其自己的观点。
9. 当人的性别不能确定或不详时常用he(不用she)指代,如:
A martyr is someone who gives up his life for his belief. 烈士是为了他自己的信念而献身的人。
10. 当动物没有表示出它们的性别或者不清楚其性别时常常被看作阳性,另外,一般体大力强的动物视为阳性,体弱力小的看成阴性,如:
The elephant lifted its mighty trunk. 大象抬起它强有力的长鼻子。
The cat would eat fish and would not wet her feet. 猫想吃鱼又怕湿脚。