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迄今为止,流行的剩余价值定义均称,剩余价值是由雇佣劳动者在剩余劳动时间创造的,被资本的所有者无偿占有的超过劳动力价值的价值。从此定义看,剩余价值这个范畴有三个基本特征:第一,它是雇佣劳动者在剩余劳动时间所生产的产品的价值;第二,它是被资本的所有者占有的价值;因而,第三,它是资本主义生产方式特有的范畴。 可是,这种认识并不完全符合马克思的论述。的确,马克思在《资本论》中一再指出过,剩余价值是由雇佣工人在剩余劳动时间生产出来的,是被资本的所有者无偿占有的。但这些论述的前提条件是生产资料的资本主义所有制,是资本主义生产方式。这正如马克思在《〈资本论〉第一卷第一版序言》中所指出的:“我要在本书研究的,是资本主义生产方式及和它相适应的生产关系和交换关系。”
To date, the definition of prevailing surplus-value both states that the surplus-value is the value of the wage-laborer created over the remainder of the labor time and surpassed by the owner of the capital over the value of the labor force. From this definition, the category of surplus value has three basic characteristics: first, it is the value of the product that a wage laborer produces during the remaining working hours; second, it is the value possessed by the owner of the capital; thus, the third It is a category that is peculiar to the capitalist mode of production. However, this understanding is not entirely consistent with Marx’s argument. Indeed, Marx pointed out repeatedly in Capital that the surplus value was produced by wage-workers at the time of surplus labor and was freely taken over by the owners of capital. However, the preconditions for these discussions are the capitalist ownership of the means of production and the capitalist mode of production. This is exactly what Marx pointed out in the preface to the first edition of “The First Book of Capital”: “What I want to study in this book is the capitalist mode of production and the relations of production and exchange with which it adapts.”