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【摘要】据世界卫生组织统计结果,世界上约有超过3亿的哮喘患者。尽管大部分的哮喘患者发病原因是由于机体对吸入的外界环境中的物质产生了异常的过敏反应所致,然而也有部分患者是对食物中的部分成分致敏所致。已有证据表明:肥胖能够在很大程度上影响免疫系统功能,进而可能导致哮喘发病。然而,肥胖是否能在儿童及成人中引发哮喘及其引发哮喘的机制目前的研究尚无定论。故本文拟对目前肥胖及高脂饮食与哮喘发病之间的关系的相关研究结论做一综述。【关键词】肥胖哮喘上世纪七八十年代发达国家过敏性哮喘的发病曾经出现过爆发性增长[1,2],到2008年,WHO统计的全世界过敏性哮喘患者已经达到3亿人。英国10岁以下儿童中有30%的人对某种物质过敏,其中有超过100万的过敏性哮喘患者。虽然部分儿童长大后不明原因的摆脱了过敏的困扰,但仍有4百万英国人长期忍受哮喘的折磨。大部分患者的致敏原是吸入的某种外界物质,其过敏性哮喘发作时的临床表现主要包括:咳嗽、喘鸣、气促及胸部紧缩感。其病理基础是肺内肥大细胞增生并脱颗粒导致的Ⅰ型超敏反应,导致小气道嗜酸性细胞浸润发生炎症,血清学检查可发现IgE水平升高。这种超敏反应的发生有2型CD4+T辅助细胞(Th2)和淋巴细胞参与[3],T调节细胞在Ⅰ型超敏反应中也被激活,但无法打断肺内“瀑布式”的炎症反应链[1~5]。近年来的研究显示肥胖可以影响机体的免疫系统,例如机体内脂肪沉积的部位常常存在轻度的炎症反应,从而影响机体的免疫反应。值得注意的是随着目前廉价、快速及高热量食物的流行及久坐方式的蔓延,城市人群肥胖的发病率与哮喘的发病率之间呈平行的升高趋势。但目前关于饮食、免疫系统及肥胖三者之间的具体联系尚未完全明确。1肥胖与哮喘近年来肥胖的发病率较以往有了明显的上升。许多研究试图寻找肥胖与哮喘发病率之间的联系,但其研究结论彼此矛盾,故目前还无法判定肥胖与哮喘发病率呈平行的升高趋势这一现象是巧合还是确有联系[6,7]。有研究表明肥胖可以降低机体的肺功能,从而引发哮喘。但肥胖和Th2介导的Ⅰ型超敏反应是否存在必然的因果联系还不明确[8,9]。Delgado等[10]最近的回顾性研究显示肥胖可以影响肺功能从而使得机体对哮喘略微易感。Chen等[11]的研究表明肥胖的女性哮喘发病率明显升高,而在男性中二者则没有明显的联系。Johnston[12]及其同事的研究证实肥胖大鼠的气道内嗜酸性细胞的含量降低。在人类,肥胖使得哮喘发病的严重程度增加,且有证据支持肥胖可能导致免疫系统的耐受性降低并使得Th2活化[13]。2肥胖和免疫系统健康已有研究表明长期喂食高热量食物导致的肥胖豚鼠发生病理性代谢综合征的几率明显增高[14]。饮食导致的肥胖在鼠类可以激活Th1细胞,从而影响免疫系统的功能。肥胖也可影响机体内树突状细胞的功能。肥胖者体内的T细胞总量增加而免疫抑制性T调节细胞的数量减少。已观察到在肥胖豚鼠的脂肪组织中存在着轻度的炎症反应,而且这种炎症反应的程度与体内的脂肪含量呈正相关[15]。这种广泛的炎症反应可以影响机体内IL-6的水平,使得机体针对外来抗原产生抗体的能力减弱。综上,可以认为肥胖者体内免疫系统功能存在着轻度失调现象。3高脂饮食与免疫系统健康关于高脂饮食与免疫反应和炎症之间关系的研究较少,Puertollano等[15]发现连续喂食4周高脂饮食的小鼠血清TNF含量增加。部分研究报道了饮食中脂肪含量及脂肪酸比例与过敏反应之间的联系,但是其与哮喘发病之间的关系不同的研究结论之间尚存在争议。特别是当综合考虑到高脂饮食与肥胖之间联系的时候,高脂饮食与免疫系统功能的关系就愈加复杂难明。荷兰学者Wijia等[17]的研究显示早期以全脂牛奶为主食的婴儿发生迟发性超敏反应的几率低于以脱脂牛奶为主食的婴儿。瑞典学者Strom等[18]的研究证实高脂饮食使哮喘发病的几率增加。近年来,因为有研究证实ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸具有抗炎效应,人们开始大量摄入富含ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的食物,然而最近的研究表明摄入富含ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸母乳的婴儿发生超敏反应的几率明显增高[19]。研究表明:对无肥胖的大鼠连续给予6~8周的富含饱和脂肪酸的高脂饮食,再将它们暴露于过敏原后,这些大鼠的气道变应性反应发生较为延迟。与喂食普通膳食的大鼠相比,这些大鼠体内前炎性因子的释放、嗜酸性粒细胞趋化因子的生成与释放以及肺内嗜酸性粒细胞浸润等情况均明显减轻[20]。上述研究表明,高脂饮食可以影响免疫反应且饮食中的高脂成分并不使得机体对过敏性疾患的易感性增加。在过度肥胖的机体,高脂饮食本身可能通过许多机制来影响过敏原引起的局部炎症反应。4孕期肥胖与子女免疫系统健康之间的关系研究表明如果母亲在孕期过度肥胖可使其子女未来发生肥胖及哮喘的概率均明显增加[21]。由于肥胖母亲体内的脂肪因子(即由脂肪组织释放的细胞因子)含量增加,其可通过脐带血到达婴儿体内,导致产后早期的新生儿哮鸣发病率增加。这些研究表明孕期肥胖可以影响子女的免疫系统发育及其将来的健康。有研究表明孕期适当加强摄入富含ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的饮食可使未来子女发生过敏性反应的几率减少[22]。但是目前仍缺乏证据证明二者之间存在着因果联系,也缺乏长期的随机对照研究支持其结论。
5TLR-4信号转导通路是否是肥胖引起免疫系统变化的一个可能机制为何肥胖者体内的脂肪组织存在着轻度的炎症反应仍然不明。因为无论是饮食中的脂肪还是机体体内的脂肪组合均不存在致炎的“危险信号”。然而,有研究表明长链饱和脂肪酸可以在体内激活TLR-4信号转导通路上的关键蛋白,而TLR-4信号转导通路是体内多种重要的炎性因子转录的关键[23]。ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸可阻断TLR-4介导的先天性免疫反应。最新的研究结果显示阻断TLR-4可使大鼠避免因进食高脂食物而肥胖,其机制可能是通过抑制了丘脑下部一种前炎性炎症因子的释放,进而抑制了大鼠的食欲[24]。目前尚未在人类身上证实出生前脂肪摄入与生后过敏反应发生及丘脑异常三者之间的联系。然而,易于发生过敏反应的人其体内往往存在着下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能异常,而后者与主动免疫反应异常之间存在着确定的因果关系。未来仍需进一步的研究证实TLR-4是否参与了饮食与哮喘发病之间的病理生理机制,并明确除TLR-4信号转导通路外,是否还存在其他平行的信号转导通路参与了饮食与哮喘发病之间的机制。6展望减少儿童哮喘发病率是提高儿童健康水平的重要一环。为此,探讨肥胖与哮喘发病之间的联系极有意义。孕期肥胖可能导致子女免疫系统发育不良,容易导致新生儿哮鸣和儿童/成人的哮喘,因此未来的研究应致力于研究针对孕期肥胖妇女的饮食干预疗法以减少儿童包括哮喘在内的种种过敏性疾患的发病率。参 考 文 献
[1] Anderson HR, Ruggles R, Strachan DP,et al.Trends in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, hay fever, and eczema in 12-14 year olds in the British Isles, 1995-2002: questionnaire survey. BMJ,2004(328):1052-1053.
[2] Burr ML, Wat D, Evans C,et al. Asthma prevalence in 1973, 1988 and 2003. Thorax,2006(61):296-299.
[3] Barnes PJ. Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Rev Immunol,2008(8):183-192.
[4] Larche M. Regulatory T cells in allergy and asthma. Chest,2007(132):1007-1014.
[5] Leech MD, Benson RA, De Vries A, et al. Resolution of Der p1-induced allergic airway inflammation is dependent on CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory cells. J Immunol,2007(179):7050-7058.
[6] Sin DD, Sutherland ER. Obesity and the lung: Obesity and asthma. Thorax,2009(63):1018-1023.
[7] Sutherland TJ, Cowan JO, Young S,et al. The association between obesity and asthma: Interactions between systemic and airway inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2008(178):469-475.
[8] Li A M, Chan D,Wong E,et al. The effects of obesity on pulmonary function. Arch Dis Child,2003(88):361-363.
[9] Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH. Body fat distribution, body composition, and respiratory function in elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr,2005(82):996-1003.
[10] Delgado J, Barranco P, Quirce S. Obesity and asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol,2008(18):420-425.
[11] Chen Y, Dales R, Jiang Y. The association between obesity and asthma is stronger in nonallergic than allergic adults. Chest,2006(130):890-895.
[12] Johnston RA, Zhu M, Rivera-Sanchez YM, et al. Allergic airway responses in obese mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2007(176):650-658.
[13] Hersoug LG, Linneberg A. The link between the epidemics of obesity and allergic diseases: Does obesity induce decreased immune tolerance. Allergy,2007(62):1205-1213.
[14] Tschop M, Heiman M L. Rodent obesity models: An overview. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2001(109):307-319.
[15] Calabro P, Yeh ET. Obesity, inflammation, and vascular disease: The role of the adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Subcell Biochem,2007(42):63-91.
[16] Puertollano MA, Cruz-Chamorro L, Puertollano E,et al. Assessment of interleukin-12, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion in sera from mice fed with dietary lipids during different stages of Listeria monocytogenes infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol,2005(12):1098-1103.
[17] Wijga AH, Smit HA, Kerkhof M, et al. Association of consumption of products containing milk fat with reduced asthma risk in pre-school children: The PIAMA birth cohort study. Thorax,2003(58):567-572.
[18] Strom K, Janzon L, Mattisson I,et al. Asthma but not smoking-related airflow limitation is associated with a high fat diet in men: Results from the population study “Men born in 1914”, Malmo, Sweden. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis,1996(51):16-21.
[19] Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Arakawa M, et al. Fatty acid intake and asthma symptoms in Japanese children: The Ryukyus Child Health Study. Clin Exp Allergy,2008(38):1644-1650.
[20] De Vries A, Hazlewood L, Fitch PM, et al. High-fat feeding redirects cytokine responses and decreases allergic airway eosinophilia. Clin Exp Allergy, in press (Electronic publication ahead of print, published online 22 Jan 2009).
[21] Caluwaerts S, Lambin S, van BR, et al. Dietinduced obesity in gravid rats engenders early hyperadiposity in the offspring. Metabolism,2009(56):1431-1438.
[22] Prescott SL, Dunstan JA. Prenatal fatty acid status and immune development: The pathways and the evidence. Lipids,2007(42):801-810.
[23] Milanski M, Degasperi G, Coope A, et al. Saturated fatty acids produce an inflammatory response predominantly through the activation of TLR4 signaling in hypothalamus: Implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neurosci,2009,29:359-370.
[24] Joachim RA, Noga O, Sagach V, et al. Correlation between immune and neuronal parameters and stress perception in allergic asthmatics. Clin Exp Allergy,2008,38:283-290.
(收稿日期:2010-10-09)
(本文编辑:郎威)
5TLR-4信号转导通路是否是肥胖引起免疫系统变化的一个可能机制为何肥胖者体内的脂肪组织存在着轻度的炎症反应仍然不明。因为无论是饮食中的脂肪还是机体体内的脂肪组合均不存在致炎的“危险信号”。然而,有研究表明长链饱和脂肪酸可以在体内激活TLR-4信号转导通路上的关键蛋白,而TLR-4信号转导通路是体内多种重要的炎性因子转录的关键[23]。ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸可阻断TLR-4介导的先天性免疫反应。最新的研究结果显示阻断TLR-4可使大鼠避免因进食高脂食物而肥胖,其机制可能是通过抑制了丘脑下部一种前炎性炎症因子的释放,进而抑制了大鼠的食欲[24]。目前尚未在人类身上证实出生前脂肪摄入与生后过敏反应发生及丘脑异常三者之间的联系。然而,易于发生过敏反应的人其体内往往存在着下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴功能异常,而后者与主动免疫反应异常之间存在着确定的因果关系。未来仍需进一步的研究证实TLR-4是否参与了饮食与哮喘发病之间的病理生理机制,并明确除TLR-4信号转导通路外,是否还存在其他平行的信号转导通路参与了饮食与哮喘发病之间的机制。6展望减少儿童哮喘发病率是提高儿童健康水平的重要一环。为此,探讨肥胖与哮喘发病之间的联系极有意义。孕期肥胖可能导致子女免疫系统发育不良,容易导致新生儿哮鸣和儿童/成人的哮喘,因此未来的研究应致力于研究针对孕期肥胖妇女的饮食干预疗法以减少儿童包括哮喘在内的种种过敏性疾患的发病率。参 考 文 献
[1] Anderson HR, Ruggles R, Strachan DP,et al.Trends in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, hay fever, and eczema in 12-14 year olds in the British Isles, 1995-2002: questionnaire survey. BMJ,2004(328):1052-1053.
[2] Burr ML, Wat D, Evans C,et al. Asthma prevalence in 1973, 1988 and 2003. Thorax,2006(61):296-299.
[3] Barnes PJ. Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat Rev Immunol,2008(8):183-192.
[4] Larche M. Regulatory T cells in allergy and asthma. Chest,2007(132):1007-1014.
[5] Leech MD, Benson RA, De Vries A, et al. Resolution of Der p1-induced allergic airway inflammation is dependent on CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory cells. J Immunol,2007(179):7050-7058.
[6] Sin DD, Sutherland ER. Obesity and the lung: Obesity and asthma. Thorax,2009(63):1018-1023.
[7] Sutherland TJ, Cowan JO, Young S,et al. The association between obesity and asthma: Interactions between systemic and airway inflammation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2008(178):469-475.
[8] Li A M, Chan D,Wong E,et al. The effects of obesity on pulmonary function. Arch Dis Child,2003(88):361-363.
[9] Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Whincup PH. Body fat distribution, body composition, and respiratory function in elderly men. Am J Clin Nutr,2005(82):996-1003.
[10] Delgado J, Barranco P, Quirce S. Obesity and asthma. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol,2008(18):420-425.
[11] Chen Y, Dales R, Jiang Y. The association between obesity and asthma is stronger in nonallergic than allergic adults. Chest,2006(130):890-895.
[12] Johnston RA, Zhu M, Rivera-Sanchez YM, et al. Allergic airway responses in obese mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med,2007(176):650-658.
[13] Hersoug LG, Linneberg A. The link between the epidemics of obesity and allergic diseases: Does obesity induce decreased immune tolerance. Allergy,2007(62):1205-1213.
[14] Tschop M, Heiman M L. Rodent obesity models: An overview. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes,2001(109):307-319.
[15] Calabro P, Yeh ET. Obesity, inflammation, and vascular disease: The role of the adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Subcell Biochem,2007(42):63-91.
[16] Puertollano MA, Cruz-Chamorro L, Puertollano E,et al. Assessment of interleukin-12, gamma interferon, and tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion in sera from mice fed with dietary lipids during different stages of Listeria monocytogenes infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol,2005(12):1098-1103.
[17] Wijga AH, Smit HA, Kerkhof M, et al. Association of consumption of products containing milk fat with reduced asthma risk in pre-school children: The PIAMA birth cohort study. Thorax,2003(58):567-572.
[18] Strom K, Janzon L, Mattisson I,et al. Asthma but not smoking-related airflow limitation is associated with a high fat diet in men: Results from the population study “Men born in 1914”, Malmo, Sweden. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis,1996(51):16-21.
[19] Miyake Y, Sasaki S, Arakawa M, et al. Fatty acid intake and asthma symptoms in Japanese children: The Ryukyus Child Health Study. Clin Exp Allergy,2008(38):1644-1650.
[20] De Vries A, Hazlewood L, Fitch PM, et al. High-fat feeding redirects cytokine responses and decreases allergic airway eosinophilia. Clin Exp Allergy, in press (Electronic publication ahead of print, published online 22 Jan 2009).
[21] Caluwaerts S, Lambin S, van BR, et al. Dietinduced obesity in gravid rats engenders early hyperadiposity in the offspring. Metabolism,2009(56):1431-1438.
[22] Prescott SL, Dunstan JA. Prenatal fatty acid status and immune development: The pathways and the evidence. Lipids,2007(42):801-810.
[23] Milanski M, Degasperi G, Coope A, et al. Saturated fatty acids produce an inflammatory response predominantly through the activation of TLR4 signaling in hypothalamus: Implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neurosci,2009,29:359-370.
[24] Joachim RA, Noga O, Sagach V, et al. Correlation between immune and neuronal parameters and stress perception in allergic asthmatics. Clin Exp Allergy,2008,38:283-290.
(收稿日期:2010-10-09)
(本文编辑:郎威)