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一、同位语从句
定义：在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句被称为同位语从句。被同位语从句修饰的名词（先行词）一般是些有信息量的名词，同位语从句对这类名词进行解释说明。
（一） 同位语从句的常见先行词
1. 不是任意的名词都可以作同位语从句的先行词。一般情况下，同位语从句的先行词是一些有信息承载量的词，其后修饰的从句用来解释或说明所表达的具体内容，常见的可以跟同位语从句的抽象名词有：belief， news， idea， truth， hope， rumor， problem， information， evidence， question， doubt， message， possibility， fact， word， promise， order， suggestion， proposal等。
例如：
The thought that they could cross the whole continent was exciting. 他们能横跨这个大陆的想法让人振奋。
The fact that ocean ships can go there surprises many people. 船能到达那里让很多人吃惊不已。
此外，同位语从句还有些固定句式，如：
There is no doubt that... 毋庸置疑……
There is evidence that... 有证据表明……
There is no possibility that... ……是不可能的
There is a chance that... ……是有可能的
Word / News came that... ……的消息传来
hold the belief that... 认为……
【高考链接】
1） There’s a feeling in me ______ we’ll never know what a UFO is—not ever. （上海高考题）
A. that B. which
C. of which D. what
【答案】 A。
【分析】 that we’ll never know what a UFO is—not ever 作 a feeling 的同位语，解释a feeling 的具体内容。that在从句中不做任何成分。
2） A story goes______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen. （上海高考题）
A. when B. which
C. what D. that
【答案】 D。
【分析】 that 引导的是同位语从句，和story 构成同位关系。that在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，也不能省略。
（二） 同位语从句的常见关系词
1. 通常用连词that引导同位语从句，that无词义，也不作句子成分，但不能省略。注意从句用陈述句语序。如：
They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Shanghai again. 他们表示希望我们再去访问上海。
I have no idea that she quit her present job. 我不知道她辞掉了现在的工作。
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening. 答应我，你今天晚上会来参加我们的聚会。
2. 同位語从句还可以用whether，when，where，why，how等引导。如：
The student asked me the question whether the book was worth reading. 学生问了我这个问题：这本书是否值得一读。
I have no idea why he was excited at that time. 我不知道当时他激动的原因。
【高考链接】
The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.（浙江高考题）
A. how B. that
C. which D. whether
【答案】 B。
【分析】 belief做先行词，you are better than anyone else on the sports field为belief具体的解释说明，同位语从句，答案为that，在从句中不做成分，不可以省略。
—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday？ （重庆）
—Yeah， but I have no idea______ he did it； that’s one of his favorite universities.
A. when B. why C. that D. how
【答案】 B。
【分析】 idea 为先行词，why he did it 说明idea的具体内容。这句话中why为从句的引导词，答案选B。虽然同位语从句关系词用that的情况比较多，但不是只有that才可以引导同位语从句。
（三） 同位語从句和定语从句的区别
这两大从句都是关系词引导的从句紧跟着名词。但究其本质而言，定语从句属于形容词性从句，从句对先行词起修饰或限制的作用；同位语从句属于名词性从句，其作用是对从句前面的抽象名词作进一步的说明和解释。如：
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。（同位语从句，补充说明promise的内容）
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈许下了一个令她的孩子们高兴的诺言。（定语从句，promise在从句中作pleased的主语）
【高考链接】
1） The notice came around two in the afternoon______ the meeting would be postponed. （江苏高考题）
A. when B. that
C. whether D. how
2） The notice came around two in the afternoon， ______ he failed to receive for he was out.
A. when B. that
C. whether D. which
【答案】 1） B 2） D
【分析】 两道题目的先行词都是notice，但是差别在于1）句的从句the meeting would be postponed是个完整的句子，不缺任何成分，而且从意思可以判定它是对notice内容的具体说明解释，因此选B为同位语从句； 2）句he failed to receive for he was out 根据句意可以判定receive 之后少了notice，因此选D，选项which代指notice，为定语从句。
二、长句分析
长句常用于书面语，其特征是句式结构复杂，所含单词较多。长句难句指在句子的主干上直接或间接地粘附着各种从属结构层，如各种从句分句。这些从属结构层层环扣，盘根错节，句中有句，构建了英语“参天大树”式的句子。
（1） The more exposed young people are to financial issues， and the younger they become aware of them， the more likely they are to become responsible， forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively.
【句式翻译】 年轻人越接触经济问题，他们就能越早地了解这些问题，他们就更有可能成为有责任感的、早作打算的成年人，能够有信心地、有效地管理自己的经济问题。
【句式分析】 本句含有“the 比较级，the 比较级”的句式，同时又含有一个who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词adults。
【词语点拨】
1） expose vt. 揭露；使暴露；be exposed to暴露于；接触
We must expose this shameful activity to the newspapers. 我们一定要向报社揭露这一无耻行径。
We should allow children to be exposed to new ideas. 我们应当让孩子们接触新思想。
2） manage v. 应付，设法对付；管理；能解决；manage to do设法做成
We need people who are good at managing. 我们需要擅长管理的人。
He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time. 他设法把游客及时送到机场。
Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water if they are not managed carefully. 如果掌控小帆船不够小心，它们在水中就容易翻。
【语法点拨】
“the 比较级，the 比较级”，表示“越……越……”。如：
The more we get together， the happier we’ll be. 我们越是多聚会， 我们越快乐。
The longer she worked at it， the more enthusiastic she became. 她越干越来劲。
（2） Having heard wolves howling in the forest， Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her. 【句式翻译】 拉拉沿着回洞穴的路走着，听到狼群在森林里嚎叫，她的步伐加快了，担心会有野兽在等着伏击她。
【句式分析】 本句是复合句，that引导宾语从句，Having heard 和fearing...在句中作状语。
【词语点拨】
1） accelerate v. 加快，加速
In order to catch up with and surpass the advanced world levels we’ll have to accelerate our speed. 要趕超世界先进水平，我们还得快马加鞭。
Sunshine， fresh air， and rest often accelerate a person’s recovery from sickness. 阳光、新鲜空气和休息常会促使病人早日康复。
2） lie vi. 平躺；位于 （lay， lain）；撒谎 （lied， lied）；n. 撒谎
The factory lies to the west of town. 工厂在小镇的西边。
David felt tired， so he went and lay down for a rest. 戴维感到疲劳，所以去躺下休息了。
His books lay open on the desk when I went in. 我进去时，发现他的书平摊在书桌上。
Richard wasn’t telling the truth. He was lying. 理查德没讲实话，他在撒谎。
The only way to meet the manager is to lie in wait for him as he leaves one of his meetings. 找到这个经理的唯一办法是，等着他从会议结束出来。
【语法点拨】
1） having done作状语：
2） 现在分词作状语：
① 现在分词doing所代表的动作或状态与谓语动词是同时或几乎是同时发生的，可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如：
Rushing out of the house， he was knocked down by a car. 他一冲出屋子就被一辆车撞倒了。
My cousin went to Shenzhen， hoping to find a job there. 我表兄去深圳了，希望在那儿找份工作。
The child fell，striking his head against the door. 小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰了一下。
In the last few years， the country has had a hard time， suffering several killer quakes. 过去几年里，这个国家经历了艰难的时期，遭受了几次致命的地震。
Being spring， the flowers are in full bloom. 因为是春天，所以花都盛开着。
② 有些分词作状语，没有逻辑上的主语，已成为习惯用法：considering， judging from， talking of， allowing for （考虑到）， generally / frankly / honestly / roughly / strictly speaking， assuming that（假设）等。如：
Talking of this film， it’s wonderful. 说到这部电影，好极了。
Assuming that it is true， what should we do now？ 假定那是真的， 我们现在该怎么办？
Judging by the direction of the wind， it won’t rain today. 根据风向测度， 今天不会下雨。
Social psychology， strictly speaking， deals with the behavior of people in groups. 严格地说， 社会心理学研究人们的群体行为。
练习巩固
1. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.
A. how B. that
C. which D. whether
2. Evidence has been found through years of study ______ children’s early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.
A. why B. how
C. whether D. that
3. The manager put forward a suggestion______ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that
C. which D. what
4. Along with the email was my brother’s promise______ I came first in the competition， he would buy me an MP4.
A. what B. that
C. that if D. whether
5. Modern science has given clear evidence______ smoking can lead to many diseases.
A. what B. which
C. that D. where
6. The fact has worried many scientists______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.
A. what B. which
C. that D. though
7. When the news came ______ the war broke out， he decided to serve in the army.
A. since B. which
C. that D. because
8. A recent survey shows that the question ______ New Year’s Eve should be included in the three-day New Year’s holiday sparked heated discussion among Internet users.
A. that B. whether
C. how D. where
参考答案
1—5 BDBCC 6—8 CCB
定义：在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句被称为同位语从句。被同位语从句修饰的名词（先行词）一般是些有信息量的名词，同位语从句对这类名词进行解释说明。
（一） 同位语从句的常见先行词
1. 不是任意的名词都可以作同位语从句的先行词。一般情况下，同位语从句的先行词是一些有信息承载量的词，其后修饰的从句用来解释或说明所表达的具体内容，常见的可以跟同位语从句的抽象名词有：belief， news， idea， truth， hope， rumor， problem， information， evidence， question， doubt， message， possibility， fact， word， promise， order， suggestion， proposal等。
例如：
The thought that they could cross the whole continent was exciting. 他们能横跨这个大陆的想法让人振奋。
The fact that ocean ships can go there surprises many people. 船能到达那里让很多人吃惊不已。
此外，同位语从句还有些固定句式，如：
There is no doubt that... 毋庸置疑……
There is evidence that... 有证据表明……
There is no possibility that... ……是不可能的
There is a chance that... ……是有可能的
Word / News came that... ……的消息传来
hold the belief that... 认为……
【高考链接】
1） There’s a feeling in me ______ we’ll never know what a UFO is—not ever. （上海高考题）
A. that B. which
C. of which D. what
【答案】 A。
【分析】 that we’ll never know what a UFO is—not ever 作 a feeling 的同位语，解释a feeling 的具体内容。that在从句中不做任何成分。
2） A story goes______ Elizabeth I of England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen. （上海高考题）
A. when B. which
C. what D. that
【答案】 D。
【分析】 that 引导的是同位语从句，和story 构成同位关系。that在同位语从句中不充当任何成分，也不能省略。
（二） 同位语从句的常见关系词
1. 通常用连词that引导同位语从句，that无词义，也不作句子成分，但不能省略。注意从句用陈述句语序。如：
They expressed the hope that we would go and visit Shanghai again. 他们表示希望我们再去访问上海。
I have no idea that she quit her present job. 我不知道她辞掉了现在的工作。
Give me your promise that you will come to our party this evening. 答应我，你今天晚上会来参加我们的聚会。
2. 同位語从句还可以用whether，when，where，why，how等引导。如：
The student asked me the question whether the book was worth reading. 学生问了我这个问题：这本书是否值得一读。
I have no idea why he was excited at that time. 我不知道当时他激动的原因。
【高考链接】
The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.（浙江高考题）
A. how B. that
C. which D. whether
【答案】 B。
【分析】 belief做先行词，you are better than anyone else on the sports field为belief具体的解释说明，同位语从句，答案为that，在从句中不做成分，不可以省略。
—Is it true that Mike refused an offer from Yale University yesterday？ （重庆）
—Yeah， but I have no idea______ he did it； that’s one of his favorite universities.
A. when B. why C. that D. how
【答案】 B。
【分析】 idea 为先行词，why he did it 说明idea的具体内容。这句话中why为从句的引导词，答案选B。虽然同位语从句关系词用that的情况比较多，但不是只有that才可以引导同位语从句。
（三） 同位語从句和定语从句的区别
这两大从句都是关系词引导的从句紧跟着名词。但究其本质而言，定语从句属于形容词性从句，从句对先行词起修饰或限制的作用；同位语从句属于名词性从句，其作用是对从句前面的抽象名词作进一步的说明和解释。如：
I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich. 我许诺如果谁让我自由，我就让他非常富有。（同位语从句，补充说明promise的内容）
The mother made a promise that pleased all her children. 妈妈许下了一个令她的孩子们高兴的诺言。（定语从句，promise在从句中作pleased的主语）
【高考链接】
1） The notice came around two in the afternoon______ the meeting would be postponed. （江苏高考题）
A. when B. that
C. whether D. how
2） The notice came around two in the afternoon， ______ he failed to receive for he was out.
A. when B. that
C. whether D. which
【答案】 1） B 2） D
【分析】 两道题目的先行词都是notice，但是差别在于1）句的从句the meeting would be postponed是个完整的句子，不缺任何成分，而且从意思可以判定它是对notice内容的具体说明解释，因此选B为同位语从句； 2）句he failed to receive for he was out 根据句意可以判定receive 之后少了notice，因此选D，选项which代指notice，为定语从句。
二、长句分析
长句常用于书面语，其特征是句式结构复杂，所含单词较多。长句难句指在句子的主干上直接或间接地粘附着各种从属结构层，如各种从句分句。这些从属结构层层环扣，盘根错节，句中有句，构建了英语“参天大树”式的句子。
（1） The more exposed young people are to financial issues， and the younger they become aware of them， the more likely they are to become responsible， forward-planning adults who manage their finances confidently and effectively.
【句式翻译】 年轻人越接触经济问题，他们就能越早地了解这些问题，他们就更有可能成为有责任感的、早作打算的成年人，能够有信心地、有效地管理自己的经济问题。
【句式分析】 本句含有“the 比较级，the 比较级”的句式，同时又含有一个who引导的限制性定语从句，修饰先行词adults。
【词语点拨】
1） expose vt. 揭露；使暴露；be exposed to暴露于；接触
We must expose this shameful activity to the newspapers. 我们一定要向报社揭露这一无耻行径。
We should allow children to be exposed to new ideas. 我们应当让孩子们接触新思想。
2） manage v. 应付，设法对付；管理；能解决；manage to do设法做成
We need people who are good at managing. 我们需要擅长管理的人。
He managed to send the tourists to the airport in time. 他设法把游客及时送到机场。
Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water if they are not managed carefully. 如果掌控小帆船不够小心，它们在水中就容易翻。
【语法点拨】
“the 比较级，the 比较级”，表示“越……越……”。如：
The more we get together， the happier we’ll be. 我们越是多聚会， 我们越快乐。
The longer she worked at it， the more enthusiastic she became. 她越干越来劲。
（2） Having heard wolves howling in the forest， Lala accelerated her walk up the path to the caves fearing that there might be wild beasts lying in wait for her. 【句式翻译】 拉拉沿着回洞穴的路走着，听到狼群在森林里嚎叫，她的步伐加快了，担心会有野兽在等着伏击她。
【句式分析】 本句是复合句，that引导宾语从句，Having heard 和fearing...在句中作状语。
【词语点拨】
1） accelerate v. 加快，加速
In order to catch up with and surpass the advanced world levels we’ll have to accelerate our speed. 要趕超世界先进水平，我们还得快马加鞭。
Sunshine， fresh air， and rest often accelerate a person’s recovery from sickness. 阳光、新鲜空气和休息常会促使病人早日康复。
2） lie vi. 平躺；位于 （lay， lain）；撒谎 （lied， lied）；n. 撒谎
The factory lies to the west of town. 工厂在小镇的西边。
David felt tired， so he went and lay down for a rest. 戴维感到疲劳，所以去躺下休息了。
His books lay open on the desk when I went in. 我进去时，发现他的书平摊在书桌上。
Richard wasn’t telling the truth. He was lying. 理查德没讲实话，他在撒谎。
The only way to meet the manager is to lie in wait for him as he leaves one of his meetings. 找到这个经理的唯一办法是，等着他从会议结束出来。
【语法点拨】
1） having done作状语：
2） 现在分词作状语：
① 现在分词doing所代表的动作或状态与谓语动词是同时或几乎是同时发生的，可以作时间、原因、方式、条件、结果、目的、让步、伴随等状语。分词的逻辑主语就是句子的主语。如：
Rushing out of the house， he was knocked down by a car. 他一冲出屋子就被一辆车撞倒了。
My cousin went to Shenzhen， hoping to find a job there. 我表兄去深圳了，希望在那儿找份工作。
The child fell，striking his head against the door. 小孩摔了一跤，头在门上碰了一下。
In the last few years， the country has had a hard time， suffering several killer quakes. 过去几年里，这个国家经历了艰难的时期，遭受了几次致命的地震。
Being spring， the flowers are in full bloom. 因为是春天，所以花都盛开着。
② 有些分词作状语，没有逻辑上的主语，已成为习惯用法：considering， judging from， talking of， allowing for （考虑到）， generally / frankly / honestly / roughly / strictly speaking， assuming that（假设）等。如：
Talking of this film， it’s wonderful. 说到这部电影，好极了。
Assuming that it is true， what should we do now？ 假定那是真的， 我们现在该怎么办？
Judging by the direction of the wind， it won’t rain today. 根据风向测度， 今天不会下雨。
Social psychology， strictly speaking， deals with the behavior of people in groups. 严格地说， 社会心理学研究人们的群体行为。
练习巩固
1. The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief ______ you are better than anyone else on the sports field.
A. how B. that
C. which D. whether
2. Evidence has been found through years of study ______ children’s early sleeping problems are likely to continue when they grow up.
A. why B. how
C. whether D. that
3. The manager put forward a suggestion______ we should have an assistant. There is too much work to do.
A. whether B. that
C. which D. what
4. Along with the email was my brother’s promise______ I came first in the competition， he would buy me an MP4.
A. what B. that
C. that if D. whether
5. Modern science has given clear evidence______ smoking can lead to many diseases.
A. what B. which
C. that D. where
6. The fact has worried many scientists______ the earth is becoming warmer and warmer these years.
A. what B. which
C. that D. though
7. When the news came ______ the war broke out， he decided to serve in the army.
A. since B. which
C. that D. because
8. A recent survey shows that the question ______ New Year’s Eve should be included in the three-day New Year’s holiday sparked heated discussion among Internet users.
A. that B. whether
C. how D. where
参考答案
1—5 BDBCC 6—8 CCB