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晚清民初是中国接受俄国文学的初始阶段,这一时期我国对托尔斯泰译介的规模大大超过其他俄国作家。就翻译层面来看,我国译者最先翻译的是托尔斯泰的宗教题材中短篇小说,然后再过渡到他的长篇名著,翻译质量也逐步得以提高。从研究层面来看,托尔斯泰的传奇人生和宗教哲学思想一直是研究者们关注的焦点。托尔斯泰在晚清民初之所以受到热捧,首先是因为其哲学思想与我国儒家思想的某些相似而容易得到中国读者的认同。其次,托尔斯泰作品本身思想内涵丰富,艺术水准高,有可读性。再次,当时中国社会部分文化精英对托尔斯泰不遗余力的推介也是重要原因。不过,晚清民初时期俄国文学译介者的俄文水平普遍较低,手头缺乏原版著作而不得不借助英、法译本进行翻译,部分研究者片面地将托尔斯泰主义的某些方面与中国先贤的哲学思想等同起来,这也导致当时译介者对托尔斯泰及其作品的理解、阐释方面出现了不少偏差。
Late Qing Dynasty was the initial stage of China’s acceptance of Russian literature. During this period, the scale of translation of Tolstoy in our country exceeded the size of other Russian writers. From the perspective of translation, the first translators in our country translated Tolstoy’s short and long stories in religious themes, and then moved to his masterpieces. The quality of translation was also gradually improved. From the research perspective, Tolstoy’s legendary life philosophy and religious philosophy has always been the focus of researchers. Tolstoy was so popular in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China that it was easy to get the approval of Chinese readers because of similarities between his philosophical thoughts and some of Confucianism in our country. Secondly, Tolstoy’s works have rich connotation, high artistic standard and readability. Third, the cultural elites of some Chinese societies at the time also contributed an important part to Tolstoy’s promotion. However, Russian literary interpreters in the late Qing dynasty and early Republic of China generally had low levels of Russian proficiency, lacking original works on their own, and having to translate them from English and French versions. Some of them unilaterally compared some aspects of Tolstoyanism Equal with the philosophical thought of the sages in China, which led to the translators’ misunderstanding of Tolstoy and his works at that time.