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一、概述铁路建筑物的拼装化,是实现设计标准化、构件制造工厂化、施工机械化的主要方向,是达到提高建设速度、减轻体力劳动、节约材料的有效措施。近年来世界各国都朝着这个方向发展,并收到了不同程度的效果。根据报导,国外在桥涵、隧道、房屋、给水、站场设备等各种建筑物中都已采用,其中以桥涵、房屋使用最早,也最普遍。桥梁方面梁部结构的拼装化早已实现,现地灌注的钢筋混凝土梁已基本不用,现在正逐渐向墩台及基础的拼装化发展。苏联从1939年开始采用拼装式墩台,当时采用的是大型块件拼装的实体墩台,战后在各铁路修复工程中会被广泛采用,但这种方法效率仍不高。1956年以后开始发展基桩栈桥、薄壁空心式及壳体填腹式墩台,在某些新建铁路上,如莫斯科——贝加尔干线上,拼装化桥涵达80～85％。美国、日本、西德等国在桥梁拼装化方面也有了不同程度的发展。
I. Overview The assembly of railroad buildings is the main direction of standardization of design, factory building of components and mechanization of construction. It is an effective measure to speed up the construction, reduce physical labor and save materials. In recent years, all countries in the world have been moving in this direction and have received varying degrees of results. According to reports, foreign countries have adopted bridges and culverts, tunnels, houses, water supply, station equipment and other buildings. Among them, bridges and culverts are the earliest and most commonly used houses. Bridge beam structure has been achieved in the assembly, the local injection of reinforced concrete beam has basically no need, and now is gradually piers and the basis of the assembly of the development. The Soviet Union started to use the piers in 1939. At that time, it used solid piers assembled by large blocks. After the war, it will be widely used in various railway restoration projects, but the efficiency of this method is still not high. After 1956, the development of piling, thin-walled and shell-filled abutments began. In some newly-built railways, such as the Moscow-Beijar line, 80 to 85 percent of the bridges were assembled. The United States, Japan, West Germany and other countries also have different degrees of development in the bridge assembly.