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目的研究特大沙尘人群重金属暴露水平及健康风险。方法以内蒙二连浩特2016年3月的一场特大沙尘暴为例,对该地成人进行随机抽样,最终选取300名研究对象,对其进行微环境-时间活动模式(micro-environmental and time activity patterns,METAP)调研,并监测其所处环境的总悬浮颗粒物(Total Suspended Particulate,TSP)浓度及其中的重金属含量。然后利用METAP法估算了人群的平均暴露水平,并据此开展了健康风险评估。结果 METAP法估算出牧民TSP的平均暴露水平(2.153 mg/m~3)高于室内办公人员(0.629 mg/m~3)的结果,而且二者浓度均远远低于直接利用室外环境浓度估算的结果(10.064 mg/m~3)。进一步的健康风险评估结果显示,特大沙尘期户外活动占多数的男性牧民存在铬、砷暴露的致癌风险(>10~(-4))。结论 METAP法显示沙尘期户外步行、骑车并未做任何防护措施人群(ⅰ)的TSP暴露水平明显比乘车及戴口罩者高(ⅱ),同时人群ⅰ的健康风险高于人群ⅱ。研究表明METAP法可以体现不同类型人群的实际暴露水平,比直接采用环境浓度法更为精确。
Objective To study the level of heavy metal exposure and health risk in large sand-dust population. Methods Taking a large sandstorm in Erlianhot, Inner Mongolia in March, 2016 as an example, adults were randomly sampled and 300 subjects were selected for micro-environmental and time activity patterns (METAP ) And to monitor the total suspended particulate matter (TSP) concentration and the content of heavy metals therein. The METAP method was then used to estimate the average level of exposure in the population and to conduct a health risk assessment accordingly. Results The METAP method estimated the average TSP exposure of pastoralists (2.153 mg / m ~ 3) higher than that of indoor office workers (0.629 mg / m ~ 3), and the concentrations of both were much lower than those obtained by directly using outdoor environmental concentrations Of the results (10.064 mg / m ~ 3). Further health risk assessment results show that male herdsmen, who are mostly outdoor activities in the extra-large-scale dust stage, have the carcinogenic risk of chromium and arsenic exposure (> 10 -4). Conclusions The METAP method showed that walking in the dust-free period did not take any protective measures. The crowd (i) had a significantly higher TSP exposure than the car and the mask (ⅱ), and the health risk of the population i was higher than that of the population (ii) Studies have shown that the METAP method can reflect the actual level of exposure of different types of people, than the direct use of environmental concentration method is more accurate.