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在过去一个世纪中,管理的概念已经发生了很大变化。今天,管理已经被认为是“实现目标的专门活动”。管理技术是决定农业生态系统经济和环境行为的一个最重要的因素。养分管理是“为实现农业经济和环境目标的养分管理,”它需要对养分循环、小区和农场特定的指导方针和技术,通常是直接指导的准确认识。特别是在包括农作物和家畜的复合农场系统,这些活动是多样化而复杂的。为了达到有效性,经济和环境目标必须是连贯的、灵活的和可操作的。同样,在策略、战术和实践层面上,它们也必须是被详细阐明和可以定量完成。本文应用来自波兰和荷兰的农场数据资料,展示反映了两国政府提供政策和措施所产生的经济激励作用会怎样通过集约化管理的复合农场系统两个因素中的其一改善养分利用的效率。
The concept of management has changed dramatically over the past century. Today, management has been considered “special activities to achieve the goal ”. Management techniques are one of the most important determinants of the economic and environmental behavior of agro-ecosystems. Nutrient management is “Management of nutrients for achieving agricultural economy and environmental goals ” It requires accurate understanding of nutrient cycling, community and farm-specific guidelines and techniques, usually direct guidance. These activities are diverse and complex, especially in a complex farm system that includes crops and livestock. In order to be effective, the economic and environmental goals must be coherent, flexible and operational. Likewise, they must also be elaborated and quantified quantitatively at the tactical, tactical and practical levels. This article uses farm data from Poland and the Netherlands to demonstrate how the economic incentives created by the policies and measures by both governments can improve the efficiency of nutrient use through one of the two factors of intensively managed compound farm systems.