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黑洞错觉(black hole illusion)是飞行员在进场时常见的一种空间定向障碍(spatial disorientation),是飞行员在进场时未能很好把握空间和时间线索及飞行器与周边环境的等距离线索而造成的一种视性错觉,极其危害飞行安全。在黑洞进场事故中,进场飞行员会认为的感知到错误的深度和径向距离。本研究拟回答2个问题:(1)被试在进场行为启动时如何使用空间-和时间线索;(2)目标进场的速度如何影响进场行为。分为2个试验进行:试验一将进场角度和进场的速度进行控制,考查沿特定方向进场的飞机质点,被试将会何时开始启动降落;试验二将进场高度和进场的速度进行控制,考查对于沿着不同角度进场的飞机质点,被试将会何时开始启动降落。并在此基础上抽象出一个简单的进场模型,探讨被试的时间线索和空间线索知觉估计的情况。结果表示:(1)在固定角度和速度条件下,舰载飞行员进场要依靠空间和时间线索综合考量进场,而不是单一得依靠空间或是时间距离线索;(2)在不同角度和速度条件下,舰载飞行员进场要依靠空间和时间线索综合考量进场,而不是单一得依靠时间或是空间距离线索;(3)不论是哪种角度对于高速移动的目标进场时舰载飞行员倾向于低估着陆和进近时间,反之,对于低速和中速的目标进场时,则倾向于高估着陆和进近时间;(4)进场角度有一个最优角度,并非线性变化,即使是最优角度进场,也会在速度上影响到时间和空间线索的判断。因此,不论角度和速度是否固定,舰载飞行员在进场时需要综合空间和时间线索目标移动的速度会影响舰载飞行员对着陆和进近时间的估计;应提倡仪表和目视结合进场。
Black hole illusion is a kind of spatial disorientation which pilots usually approach when entering the airport. It is the pilot’s failure to grasp the space and time clues and the equidistance between the aircraft and the surrounding environment A delusional illusion that is extremely dangerous to flight safety. In a black hole approach accident, approach pilots will perceive the wrong depth and radial distance. This study intends to answer two questions: (1) how subjects use space-time cues when the approach starts; (2) how the speed of target approach affects the approach behavior. The experiment is divided into two experiments: In the first experiment, the angle of approach and the speed of approach are controlled to test the quality of aircraft entering the specific direction. When will the subjects begin to start the landing? Test two will approach the approach height Of the speed of control, to examine the approach of the aircraft along different angles of the particle, the test will start when the landing. Based on this, we abstract a simple approach model and discuss the temporal cues and spatial cues perceptual estimation. The results show that: (1) Under the condition of fixed angle and speed, the approach of carrier pilots depends on space and time clues to consider the approach, rather than relying solely on space or time distance clues; (2) At different angles and speeds Conditions, the carrier-based pilots approach depends on space and time clues into account, rather than relying solely on time or space distance clues; (3) no matter what the angle for high-speed moving targets when entering the carrier pilot Tend to underestimate the landing and approach times, whereas, for slow and medium-speed targets, tend to overestimate the landing and approach times; (4) there is an optimal angle of approach and not a linear change, even though Is the best angle approach, will also affect the speed of time and space clues to judge. Therefore, regardless of whether the angle and the speed are fixed, the speed at which the carrier-based pilot needs integrated space and time clues to move toward the target during piloting will affect the on-board pilot’s estimate of landing and approach time; the combination of instrumentation and visualization should be advocated.