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In old Tibet,the local govement (including individual officials),monasteries and feudal lords all engaged in trade.Without exception,they also lent money at usurious rates.Interest-based profits were a major source of their incomes.To exploit serfs,the Dalai Lama and the Tibetan local govement established special agencies to handle money-lending matters.The agency estabfished by the Dalai Lama for the purpose was called zibu in Tibetan language;and those established by the Tibetan local govement were called zhupo and ziqia.Grassroots administrations and officials practiced usury,too.In 1932,in a directive for his subjects in Drepung Monastery,the 13th Dalai Lama said:"In compliance with rules I have decreed repeatedly,you should have the conscience to retum the money you have borrowed as well as a desire to borrow.Under no circumstances should you do any harm to the monastery fund.Officials sent to southem and northe Tibet to collect interest on grains and interest on debts should provide assistance."