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制宪权是制定宪法及创造法秩序的权力,是讨论宪法秩序正当性的核心概念。以制宪权的视角检视民国初年的宪法史,可以发现以《临时政府组织大纲》与《临时约法》为代表的民初制宪成果,皆为少数政治精英的宪法蓝图而已,并不具备普遍的民意代表性,这是民国的宪法秩序始终未能走出“制宪循环”的重要原因。另一方面,民初制宪者们又过度地强调事前的设计理性,而忽略了宪法秩序形成以后的宪法的规范性意义。他们错误地以为,在“制宪时刻”中,可以借由制宪权瞬间性地确立起宪法秩序的正当性,而事实上,正当性的确立往往是一个动态的生成过程。以制宪权为中心反思民初宪法秩序,并在历史的梳理中反思既有的制宪权理论,兼有历史及现实的意义。
Constitutional power is the power to formulate the constitution and create the legal order, and is the core concept to discuss the legitimacy of the constitutional order. Examining the constitutional history in the early Republic of China from the perspective of constitutional power, we can find that the constitutional promulgation represented by the Provisional Constitution and the Provisional Constitution of the People’s Republic of China was a blueprint for the constitution of the minority political elites and did not possess the constitutional blueprint Universal public opinion representation, which is the important reason why the constitutional order of the Republic of China failed to get out of the “constitutional cycle”. On the other hand, in the early Republican period, the constitutionalists again overemphasized the design rationality in advance and neglected the normative significance of the constitution after the constitutional order was formed. They mistakenly think that in constitutional moment, the legitimacy of the constitutional order can be established instantaneously through the constitutional power, and in fact, the establishment of legitimacy is often a dynamic process of formation. Reflecting on constitutional power, the constitutional order in the early period of the Republic of China reflects on the existing constitutional rights theory in history, and combines historical and realistic meanings.