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Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness, toxicity and prospective application of hepatic arterial infusion (HAI) with embolized Curcuma Aromatic oil (CAO) in treating primary liver cancer (PLC). Methods: In the treated group, 32 patients with PLC were treated by HAI with 1-3 ml embolized CAO and oral administration of Chinese herbal medicine. In the control group, 32 patients with PLC were treated with transcatheter artery chemoembolization (TACE). Results: In the treated group, one patient attained complete remission (CR) and 13 partial remission (PR), the total effective rate being 43.75%. The level of alpha fetal protein (AFP) ted to normal range in 7 cases and decreased in other 7. In the control group, 10 obtained PR and the total effective rate being 31.25%, AFP level ted to normal in 5 and decreased in 2. There was no statistical significance between the two groups. The incidences of post-embolism Sydrome, such as fever, abdominal pain and vomiting were similar between the two groups but no myelosuppression occurred in the treated group with significant difference as comparing with that in the control group (P<0.01). The mean survival time, median survival time, 1-, 2- and 3-year survival rate in the treated group were 11.5 months, 10 months, 37.5%, 13.3% and 6.9% respectively, while in the control group they were 7.25 months, 6 months, 15.6%, 3.2% and 0% respectively. Better result in mean survival time, median survival time and 1-year survival rate was found in the treated group than that of the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion:HAI with embolized CAO showed a similar good effect in treating PLC as that of TACE, but superior to TACE with longer survival time and milder myelosuppression.