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以美国宪法第一修正案为依据制定的行政规则制定请愿制度将以公民为代表的各方主体纳入行政规则制定的规划环节。该制度由美国行政程序法、国会颁布的一些成文法中的规则制定请愿条款以及各行政机构在权限范围内颁布的有关请愿程序的具体规定构成。该制度在降低行政机构被利益团体俘获风险、改善行政机关的狭窄性决策行为、降低行政规则制定主体收集制度需求信息成本、弥补行政立法决策信息投资不足和传递行政机构的政策偏好信息等多方面体现出制度优越性。作为该项制度的监督机制,美国的司法机关一直积极探索如何尊重行政机构专业性优势、不干涉行政机构合理范围内的裁量权以及积极履行审查职责三者间的平衡策略并由此经历了审慎审查、审查介入和实质性介入三个阶段。就我国而言,现有的行政立法工作计划制定环节中缺乏公众参与和对民意的吸纳,有关行政立法的法律、法规和规章中并未规定赋予公民、社会团体和相对方以权利提出行政立法动议或者提出行政立法请愿。我国行政立法中公众制度需求传递渠道的缺乏使得政府主导型的法律制度供给模式因信息获取和信息处理能力的不足无法及时获取法律制度需求而逐渐呈现出被动回应性和滞后性特征。
The system of petitions for the formulation of administrative rules formulated on the basis of the First Amendment of the U.S. Constitution incorporates all the parties represented by citizens into the planning process for the formulation of administrative rules. The system consists of the United States Administrative Procedure Law, the enactment of a number of articles of enactment by the Congress on the formulation of petitions and the specific rules of petitions promulgated by the executive authorities within the limits of authority. The system is to reduce the risk of administrative agencies being captured by interest groups, to improve the narrow decision-making behavior of administrative agencies, to reduce the information cost of the system of administrative rules making, to make up for the lack of investment in decision-making information and to transmit the policy preference information of administrative agencies Reflects the system superiority. As the oversight mechanism for this system, the judiciary in the United States has been actively exploring ways to respect the balance of professional advantages of administrative agencies, not to interfere with the discretion within the reasonable limits of the executive branch, and actively perform the functions of censorship. Review, review and substantive involvement of intervention in three stages. For our country, the current lack of public participation and the acquisition of public opinions in the formulation of the work plan of administrative legislation do not stipulate in the laws, rules and regulations on administrative legislation that citizens, social organizations and counterparts are required to impose administrative legislation on the basis of their rights Move or petition for administrative legislation. The lack of transmission channels of public system requirements in our country’s administrative legislation makes the supply model of government-led legal system gradually showing the characteristics of passive response and lag because of lack of information acquisition and information processing ability to obtain legal system demand in time.