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由于非正规就业人口比重大、贫困率较高、收入分配不公和对女性就业特点考虑不足等原因,拉美私有化养老金制度扩面困难。近几年来,一些国家纷纷采取措施来解决这一问题,其中包括引入“零支柱”养老金制度来弥补私有化养老金制度覆盖死角;降低私有化养老金制度的最低养老金领取资格;向女性参保者提供资助以鼓励她们参保缴费;强制自雇者参保缴费;签署社会保障多边协议为跨国流动工人参保缴费提供便利。综上得出以下启示:养老金制度在待遇规则上应该向低收入者和妇女倾斜,同时加强政府财政转移支持力度并尽快建立和完善“多支柱”养老金体系。
Due to the large proportion of the informally employed population, the high poverty rate, the unfair income distribution and the insufficient consideration of the female employment characteristics, the privatization pension system in Latin America is facing a difficult situation. In recent years, some countries have taken measures to solve this problem. These include the introduction of a “zero pillar” pension system to cover the dead ends of the privatized pension system; the lowering of the minimum pension eligibility for the privatized pension system; Provide subsidies to female instructors to encourage them to insure contributions, mandatory self-employed insurers’ contributions, and sign a social security multilateral agreement to facilitate the payment of insured contributions by transnational migrant workers. To sum up, the following enlightenment is drawn: The pension system should be inclined toward low-income earners and women in terms of treatment rules, meanwhile, strengthen government support for financial transfer and establish and improve a “multi-pillar” pension system as soon as possible.