论文部分内容阅读
所谓定势认知是指人们按照习惯了的和比较固定的模式思考、学习新知识解决问题的一种方式。它被人们称为思维上的“惯性”。当多次运用相同的思维方式成功解决了某一类问题,则以后遇到类似的问题,就倾向于选择这种思维方式,而不做新的尝试。它对解决同类问题起积极作用,对解决不同类型的问题起妨碍作用。迁移认知是学习中的一条重要规律。它是指用已有的知识和技能学习新认知、新技能。已有的认知在学习过程中产生积极影响属于正迁移,对学习新知识起促进作用。例如,学会了骑自行车,有助于学习驾驶摩托车。产生消极影响称为负迁移,例如,学会了骑自行车,会妨碍学习骑三轮车。一切有意义的学习都是在原有的基础上进行的。即一切有意义的学习必然涉及定势认知和迁移认知,初中物理的学习也不例外。
The so-called stereotyped cognition refers to a way people think and learn new knowledge to solve problems according to a habitual and relatively fixed model. It is called “inertia” in thinking. When a certain class of problems is solved successfully by using the same way of thinking many times, you will encounter similar problems in the future and you will tend to choose this way of thinking instead of making new attempts. It plays a positive role in solving similar problems and hinders the solution of different types of problems. Migration cognition is an important law in learning. It refers to the use of existing knowledge and skills to learn new cognitions and new skills. Existing cognitions have a positive influence in the learning process, which is a positive migration and plays a catalytic role in learning new knowledge. For example, learning to ride a bicycle helps to learn to drive a motorcycle. Negative influences are called negative transfers. For example, learning to ride a bicycle can prevent you from learning to ride a tricycle. All meaningful learning is done on the basis of the original. That is to say, all meaningful learning must involve fixed-set cognition and transfer cognition. The study of junior high school physics is no exception.