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The 2018 Medicine Nobel Prize was awarded jointly to two immunologists,James P.Allison at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston and Tasuku Honjo at Kyoto University in Japan,who pioneered a new way to treat cancers (Ledford et al.2018).Both Laureates have shown how so called “immune checkpoints” on T cells can be used to manipulate the immune responses so that T cells can efficiently attack cancer cells.Using the immune system to fight cancers has been investigated for more than a 100 years.Recent advances in cancer immunotherapy,particularly immune checkpoint blockade therapy have dramatically changed the therapeutic strategy against advanced cancers.Through inhibiting negative immune regulation,these approaches have demonstrated improved overall survival for patients with advanced cancers.Importantly,for some of the patients treated with such strategies,their tumors seem to totally disappear.