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Malpighian tubules (MTs) are usually considered the key excretory and osmoregulatory organs of insects.However,increasing evidence has suggested that MTs perform many more functions than just osmoregulation.Until now,the molecular and physiological functions of MTs in the cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera),a very important agricultural pest,are largely unknown.In this study,the transcriptomes of H.armigera MTs from larvae,male adults and female adults were sequenced using RNA-Seq technology,and comparative analyses of transcriptomes between two life stages (larval and adult) and between adult sexes were conducted.We generated a total of 84 643 high-quality unigenes,and identified a large number of abundant transcripts putatively encoding proteins involved in diuresis,detoxification,immunity,carbohydrate transport and metabolism,development and reproduction.We found that the expression patte of unigenes was relatively similar between female and male adult MTs,but different between larval and adult MTs.Our data suggest that insect MTs may take multiple physiological functions as versatile organs.The extensive alterations in gene expression in MTs occurred from larvae to adults reflect an ecological adaptation to different feeding habits.Sexual dimorphism in the cotton bollworm is somewhat indicated by the transcriptional difference of genes related to carbohydrate metabolism,detoxification,immunity and reproduction in the MTs of male and female adults.