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奥可(Alcoa)实验室在引入了一种关于区分技术与管理人员的四阶行为方式的系统之后发现,必须制定一种易于理解的描述每种行为方式的方法。一般工业实验室都采用二阶系统的组织结构来简单地区分管理人员与技术人员。然而遗憾的是,大多数这样的系统只不过是纸上谈兵而已,几乎没有任何实验室对它们的二阶系统感到满意。二阶系统在奥可实验室用了很多年,然而,无论管理人员还是技术人员对此都不是完全满意的。人们终于认识到,这种系统的主要缺陷在于缺乏具体行为方式的定义。
Alcoa’s lab, after introducing a system that distinguishes the fourth-order behavior of technology and management personnel, has found it necessary to develop an easy-to-understand method of describing each behavior. General industrial laboratories use the organizational structure of the second-order system to simply distinguish between managers and technicians. Unfortunately, most of these systems are nothing more than papers. Few laboratories are satisfied with their second-order systems. The second-order system has been used at the Austrian laboratory for many years. However, neither management nor technical personnel are completely satisfied with this. People have finally realized that the main drawback of this system is the lack of definition of specific ways of doing things.