论文部分内容阅读
“文明”,是继野蛮时代之后人类社会的发展阶段,而与之相关的“文化”,则是人类较大集团生活方式的总和。一百余年来,人们对人类文明社会起源诸问题的探索,主要在文化人类学、考古学、历史学三个学科领域进行。一在文化人类学的众多学派中,作为过程来探讨文明社会起源的是进化学派。“人类学之父”泰勒所著《原始文化》主要注意精神文化,首先是宗教信仰的发展。此后十年,他在另一著作《人类学》中,探讨了技术、物质文化的发展问题。到1888年,泰勒发表《论研究制度发展的方法》,才把目光转向社会组织的演进。但在这方面他并未取得成功。
“Civilization” is the stage of development of human society after the brutal era, and the “culture” associated with it is the sum of the lifestyles of the larger human groups. For more than one hundred years, people have explored various issues concerning the origins of human civilization mainly in the three fields of cultural anthropology, archeology and history. In many schools of cultural anthropology, the origin of civilized society as a process is the evolutionary school of thought. “The Father of Anthropology” Taylor’s “original culture” focuses on spiritual culture, above all, the development of religious beliefs. In the following decade, he explored the development of technology and material culture in another anthropology, Anthropology. By 1888, Taylor published “On the development of research methods”, only to turn their attention to the evolution of social organizations. However, he did not succeed in this regard.