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地震能量的振幅在非常大的范围内变化。与这种变化相应的某些因素并不包含地下信息;这些因素包括例如震源的强度和耦合,检波器的灵敏度组合的方向性,仪器的权衡,近表层的散射等。另外一些是决定于地下的因素,但并不能够提取出关于岩石或碳氢化合物聚集的信息;这些包括了球面发散,射线路径的弯曲,传送中通过插入的反射面产生的损耗,微屈多次反射波,反射面的褶皱和弯曲等。控制振幅的因素我们主要感兴趣的是反射系数,从砂岩的顶部和底部来的反射波的干涉,以及吸收。
The amplitude of the seismic energy varies over a very large range. Some of the factors that correspond to this change do not include subterranean information; these include, for example, the intensity and coupling of the source, the directionality of the detector’s sensitivity combination, the trade-off of instruments, and the near-surface scattering. Others are determined by subterranean factors but do not extract information about rock or hydrocarbon accumulation; these include spherical divergence, bending of the ray path, loss of transmission through the inserted reflecting surface, Secondary reflected waves, the reflection of the surface fold and bending. Factors of amplitude control Our main interest is the reflection coefficient, interference from reflected waves from the top and bottom of the sandstone, and absorption.