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村民社会结构的各个组成部分以及它们之间的相互联系是研究村民社会的关键。文章根据田野调查收集的口述资料和文献,从社会阶层、职业和社区的角度,对建国前新疆维吾尔村民社会结构进行分析。在传统的维吾尔村民社会里,起重要作用的不仅是血缘关系,而且是以村落精英为核心的村落组织。建国前,处在农村底层的分散的农民,通过村落精英与国家发生联系,国家—村落精英—农民三者在乡村建立了比较稳定的互动关系模式。村落精英、农民或从事各类职业的工匠及马哈拉居民构成村民社会结构的组成部分。
The various components of the social structure of villagers and the inter-linkages between them are the key to the study of villager’s society. Based on the oral data and literature collected from the field investigation, the article analyzes the social structure of the Uighur villagers in Xinjiang before the founding of the People’s Republic of China from the perspective of social class, occupation and community. In traditional Uighur villagers’ societies, not only kinship but also village organizations with village elites at their core play an important role. Before the founding of New China, decentralized peasants located at the bottom of rural areas established a relatively stable mode of interaction with the country through the elites of the villages and the state-village elite-peasants in rural areas. Villagers, peasants or craftsmen in various occupations and Mahala residents form part of the social structure of villagers.