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Objective To identify the genetype of the PS1/APP double transgenic mouse model, then to analyse the histopathological changes in the brain and compare the differences between the transgenic mice models and Aβ1-40-injected rats models of Alzheimer disease. Methods The modified congo red staining, Nissl' s staining and immunohistology staimouse extensively displayed Aβ deposits in the cortex and hippocampal structures, and GFAP positive cells were aggregaAβ plaque deposits in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, with the astrocyte surrounded. The neurons loss was significant in the injection point and pin hole of injection with Nissl' s staining methods. GFAP-positive cells increased significantly compared with the uninjected lateral of the hippocampus. Conclusion Although Aβ1-40-injected rat models could simulate some characteristic pathological features of human Alzheimer diseases, Aβ deposits and neurons loss in partial hippocampal, it would not simulate the progressive degenenration in the brain of AD. The double transgenic PS1/APP mice could simulate the specific pathogenesis and progressive changes of AD, mainly is Aβ deposits and the spongiocyte response ,while no neurons loss were observed in this model.