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The Neogene of eastern Eurasia plays a key role in our understanding of the processes that led to the establishment of modern climates and biotas worldwide.Recent work indicates that this region was as a source of new plant and animal taxa,as well as a biogeographic gateway between the surrounding land masses(Europe,Africa,North America)throughout the Cenozoic (e.g.,Jacobs et al.,1999;Tiffney and Manchester,2001;Beard,2002).