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[目的]比较甘肃省不同程度沙尘暴露区域儿童呼吸系统疾病和症状的发生情况.[方法] 以甘肃省民勤县(沙尘源区)、兰州市(沙尘影响区)和平凉市(对照区)为研究区域,于2016年4-5月随机整群抽取3～6年级小学生6000人,进行呼吸系统状况问卷调查,5892人(民勤县1966人,兰州市1977人,平凉市1949人)的资料纳入分析.统计学分析采用SPSS 18.0软件包,方法包括方差分析、x2检验和多因素logistic回归分析等.[结果]民勤县小学生发生感冒时咳嗽、不感冒时咳嗽、慢性咳嗽、感冒时咳痰、不感冒时咳痰、慢性咳痰、喘鸣、反复呼吸道感染、支气管炎和过敏性鼻炎共10项呼吸系统症状和疾病的风险分别是平凉市的1.466、2.236、3.227、1.320、3.008、3.266、2.013、1.634、1.772和1.812倍(P＜0.05).兰州市小学生发生感冒时咳嗽、不感冒时咳嗽、慢性咳嗽、感冒时咳痰、不感冒时咳痰、慢性咳痰、喘鸣、反复呼吸道感染和过敏性鼻炎9项病症的风险分别是平凉市的1.257、2.448、2.254、1.265、2.442、1.579、1.834、1.568和2.017倍(P＜0.05).民勤县小学生发生感冒时咳嗽、慢性咳嗽、肺炎和支气管炎4项病症的风险分别是兰州市的1.167、1.431、1.931和1.437倍(P＜0.05).[结论]沙尘暴露区域小学生呼吸系统疾病和症状发生风险增加,尤其是沙尘源区.“,”[Objective] To compare the occurrence of selected respiratory diseases and symptoms among children in areas with different levels of sand dust pollution in Gansu Province.[Methods] Minqin County,Lanzhou City,and Pingliang City of Gansu Province were selected as the source area of sand dust,affected area of sand dust,and control area,respectively.A total of 6000 children of grade 3-6 were selected by random cluster sampling and asked to complete questionnaires from April to May 2016.Data of 5 892 children (Minqin,n=1966;Lanzhou,n=1977;Pingliang,n=1949) were analyzed by one-way ANOVA,chi-square test,and multivariate logistic regression analysis with SPSS 18.0 software.[Results] The OR values of cough with cold,cough without cold,chronic cough,expectoration with cold,expectoration without cold,chronic expectoration,wheeze,recurrent respiratory tract infection,bronchitis,and allergic rhinitis for the children in Minqin County versus those in Pingliang City were 1.466,2.236,3.227,1.320,3.008,3.266,2.013,1.634,1.772,and 1.812,respectively (P＜ 0.05).The OR values of the above indicators except bronchitis for the children in Lanzhou City versus those in Pingliang City were 1.257,2.448;2.254,1.265,2.442,1.579,1.834,1.568 and 2.017,respectively (P＜0.05).The OR values of cough with cold,chronic cough,pneumonia,and bronchitis for the children in Minqin County versus those in Lanzhou City were 1.167,1.431,1.931,and 1.437,respectively (P＜ 0.05).[Conclusion] Increased risks of respiratory diseases or symptoms are found among primary school children living in sand dust exposure area,especially sand dust source area.