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在本文中,作者提出有关儒家的礼或曰仪式礼节之概念的一种解释,并在此概念的基础上提出一种新的有关行为和心的哲学。为达成这一目标,作者集中关注并分析《论语》中的段落,尝试建立儒家有关人类行为的主要论点。通过比较儒家有关人类行为的观点和西方的观点,作者所阐明的是礼这一概念的独创性。《论语》中有关礼的主要论点包括:(1)作为人类行为的本质特征,礼是平常的和无所不在的。(2)礼是我们的心的社会化形式,是一种内在的外在,就此而言,礼预设了心与身的统一。(3)礼是一种社会媒介,藉此我们与其他人互动,从而达成共同的价值并将我们的社会变成一个和谐的、美的空间。为了论证上述论点,作者集中讨论语言在我们生活中的中心性,并借用俄国心理学家维果茨基的语言学习理论,以及维特根斯坦的语言游戏概念,还有儒家的正名论。
In this paper, the author proposes an explanation of the Confucian concept of ritual or ritual etiquette and proposes a new philosophy of behavior and mind based on this concept. To achieve this goal, the author focuses on and analyzes the passages in The Analects and attempts to establish the main thesis of Confucian human behavior. By comparing Confucian perspectives on human behavior with those in the West, the author illustrates the originality of the concept of ceremony. The main arguments about ceremony in The Analects include: (1) As an essential feature of human behavior, rituals are commonplace and ubiquitous. (2) Etiquette is the socialized form of our heart, an internal externality, and in this sense, the etiquette presupposes a unity of mind and body. (3) Etiquette is a social medium by which we interact with others to achieve common values and turn our society into a harmonious, beautiful space. To demonstrate the above arguments, the author focuses on the centrality of language in our lives and borrows from the Russian psychologist Vygotski’s linguistic learning theory, as well as Wittgenstein’s concept of language games, and the Confucian naming theory.