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AIM: To investigate whether nicotinamide overload plays a role in type 2 diabetes. METHODS: Nicotinamide metabolic patterns of 14diabetic and 14 non-diabetic subjects were compared using HPLC. Cumulative effects of nicotinamide and N1-methylnicotinamide on glucose metabolism, plasma H2O2 levels and tissue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) contents of adult Sprague-Dawley rats were observed. The role of human sweat glands and rat skin in nicotinamide metabolism was investigated using sauna and burn injury, respectively. RESULTS: Diabetic subjects had significantly higher plasma N 1-methylnicotinamide levels 5 h after a 100-mg nicotinamide load than the non-diabetic subjects (0.89 ± 0.13 μmol/L vs 0.6 ± 0.13 μmol/L, P < 0.001). Cumulative doses of nicotinamide (2 g/kg) significantly increased rat plasma N 1-methy lnico-tinamide concentrations associated with severe insulin resistance, which was mimicked by N1-methy-lnicotinamide. Moreover, cumulative exposure to N1-methylnicotinamide (2 g/kg) markedly reduced rat muscle and liver NAD contents and erythrocyte NAD/NADH ratio, and increased plasma H2O2 levels. Decrease in NAD/NADH ratio and increase in H2O2 generation were also observed in human erythrocytes after exposure to N1-methylnicotinamide in vitro. Sweating eliminated excessive nicotinamide (5.3-fold increase in sweat nicotinamide concentration 1 h after a 100-mg nicotinamide load). Skin damage or aldehyde oxidase inhibition with tamoxifen or olanzapine, both being notorious for impairing glucose tolerance, delayed N1-methylnicotinamide clearance. CONCLUSION: These f indings suggest that nicotinamide overload, which induced an increase in plasma N 1-methylnicotinamide, associated with oxidative stress and insulin resistance, plays a role in type 2 diabetes.
METHODS: Nicotinamide metabolic patterns of 14 diabetic and 14 non-diabetic subjects were compared using HPLC. Cumulative effects of nicotinamide and N1-methylnicotinamide on glucose metabolism, plasma H2O2 levels and tissue nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) contents of adult Sprague-Dawley rats were observed. The role of human sweat glands and rat skin in nicotinamide metabolism was investigated using sauna and burn injury, respectively. RESULTS: Diabetic subjects had significantly higher plasma N 1-methylnicotinamide Levels of nicotinamide (2 g / kg) significantly increased rat plasma levels after 5 h after a 100-mg nicotinamide load than the non-diabetic subjects (0.89 ± 0.13 μmol / L vs 0.6 ± 0.13 μmol / L, P <0.001) N 1-methy lnico-tinamide concentrations associated with severe insulin resistance, which was mimicked by N1-methy-lnicotinamide. Moreover, cumulative exposure to N1-methylnicoti Decrease in NAD / NADH ratio and increase in H2O2 generation were also observed in human erythrocytes after exposure to Nl-NADH (2 g / kg) markedly reduced NAD / NADH ratio and increased plasma H2O2 levels in rat NAD contents and erythrocytes methylnicotinamide in vitro. Swelling of eliminated nicotinamide (5.3-fold increase in sweat nicotinamide concentration 1 h after a 100-mg nicotinamide load). Skin damage or aldehyde oxidase inhibition with tamoxifen or olanzapine, both being notorious for impairing glucose tolerance, delayed N1- CONCLUSION: These f indings suggest that nicotinamide overload, which induced an increase in plasma N 1-methylnicotinamide, associated with oxidative stress and insulin resistance, plays a role in type 2 diabetes.