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“城市”是一个极难定义的概念。本文的目的,是从历史学特别是史前学的角度,把城市看作是社会进化过程中开启了一个新经济阶段的一场“革命”的结果和标志。这里所谓“革命”一词当然并非指一场突发的大变局,而是指经济结构和社会组织演变的逐渐积累,导致或伴随着人口的迅猛增长——人口统计图上的曲线明显表现出了这种增长趋势。英国工业革命时期就可以看到这样的转折性曲线,而在英国等地更早期的人口史上,虽然在统计学上找不到什么证据,但也一定存在两个类似的转折点。虽然这两次转折可能并不那么剧烈和持久,但它们同样表现了经济的革命性变化,所以它们同样也可以被认为是经济和社会发展阶段过渡的标志。上世纪的社会学家和民族学家把现存前工业社会分为三个不同等级的进化阶段,分别称之为“蒙昧”、“野蛮”和“文明”。如果选择恰当的原则来加以定义的话,那么这些逻辑性很强的等级阶段就可以转换为一个时代序列。考古学可以证明,世界各地的社会发展顺序都是如此。蒙昧和野蛮很容易理解,大致可以根据人们的觅食方式来解释。蒙昧时代的人们完全依赖采集和渔猎获取野生食物为生,而野蛮时代的人们与之不同,至少是通过种植
“City ” is a very difficult to define concept. The purpose of this paper is to view the city as a “revolution” result and symbol of a new economic stage in the course of social evolution from the perspective of history, especially of prehistory. The term “revolution” here, of course, does not refer to a sudden and sudden change in the situation, but to the gradual accumulation of the evolution of economic structure and social organization, leading to or accompanying the rapid population growth - the curve on the demographic chart is clear Showed this trend of growth. Such a turning point can be seen in the period of the British Industrial Revolution. In the earlier history of population such as Britain, there were certainly two similar turning points although there was no statistical evidence. Although these two transitions may not be as dramatic and lasting, they also present revolutionary changes in the economy, so they can also be considered as signs of a transition to an economic and social development stage. In the last century, sociologists and ethnologists divided the pre-existing industrial society into three different stages of evolution, which were called “ignorance”, “savagery” and “civilization.” If you choose the right principles to define, then these logically hierarchical stages can be transformed into a sequence of times. Archeology can attest to the order of social development around the world. Obscurity and brutality are easy to understand and can be roughly explained by the way people look for food. People in ignorant times rely totally on harvesting, fishing and hunting for wild food, and barbarians are different, at least through planting