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在开展生殖医学的临床试验或流行病学调查前,应根据研究目的进行严格的设计。一个合理的、严谨的研究设计可以事半功倍地获取可靠资料,进而得出科学结论。在具体进行研究设计时,必须认真思考或常常提及一个重要问题,即如何以较少的人力、物力达到预期的研究目标?怎样进行抽样才能保证样本的代表性?多大样本含量是适当的?因此,自本讲起用两讲的篇幅,从实用的角度出发,就抽样的基本概念、抽样方法、抽样设计、样本含量等主要问题简要加以概述。总体和样本的概念总体(population)是指根据研究目的确定的研究对象的全体。换句话说总体是由许多同质的个体所组成。总体所包括的个体数可以无穷大,理论上称之无限总体(infinite population);也可以含有有限个体,谓之有限总体(finite population)。在医学研究中,常常不可能
Before conducting clinical trials or epidemiological investigations of reproductive medicine, rigorous design should be carried out according to the research purpose. A reasonable, rigorous research design can get reliable information with half effort, and then come to a scientific conclusion. In the specific research design, we must seriously consider or often mention an important issue, that is, with less manpower and material resources to achieve the desired research objectives? How to sample to ensure the representativeness of the sample? How much sample content is appropriate? Therefore, from the point of two chapters, from the practical point of view, we briefly summarize the main problems of sampling basic concepts, sampling methods, sampling design, sample content and so on. The population of concepts of population and sample refers to the entirety of the subjects determined for the purpose of the study. In other words, the whole is made up of many homogeneous individuals. The total number of individuals included can be infinite, theoretically called the infinite population, or it can be a finite number of individuals, defined as the finite population. In medical research, it is often impossible