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根据美国新一代科学教育标准第二征求意见稿的阐述,儿童应该学习的科学探究实践(包括科学探究与工程设计)类型有下列八种:提出问题(用于科学探究)和确定要解决的问题(用于工程设计);开发和使用模型,模型包括图表、实物模型、数学表达式、类比和计算机模拟。儿童可以从简单的、具体的图画和实物玩具开始,为今后开发和使用更为抽象的模型(如图表)奠定基础;计划和实施研究,要求儿童必须亲身参与一些不同类型的科学探究实践活动,运用科学方法进行探究实践的计划与实施,包括在教师指导下的活动和儿童因自己产生兴趣而进行的活动;分析和解读数据,儿
According to the second draft of the new generation of science education standards in the United States, there are the following eight types of scientific inquiry practice (including scientific inquiry and engineering design) that children should learn: asking questions (for scientific inquiry) and identifying problems to be solved (For engineering design); development and use of models, including charts, physical models, mathematical expressions, analogies and computer simulations. Children can begin with simple, concrete drawings and in-kind toys, laying the groundwork for the development and use of more abstract models (such as diagrams) for the future; planning and conducting research that requires children to participate in some different types of scientific inquiry practice in person, Use of scientific methods to plan and implement inquiry practice, including teacher-directed activities and children’s own activities that generate their own interests; Analyzing and interpreting data