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秦、汉是两个统一的王朝,都出现过繁荣的工商业和跃跃的商人资本,两朝统治者都实行过“抑末”政策,对工商业者及其工商业加以打击和抑制。至汉武帝时,“抑末”政策的实行已达高潮,可谓淋漓尽致了。史学家们一般都认为,“重农抑末”政策对从奴隶制向封建制过渡,对从奴隶制经济和封建经济并行过渡为单一的地主小农经济,都是必不可缺的政策与措施。因而,在封建社会初期,应该肯定其积极作用,同时,从长远观点来看,“抑末”所导致的官营工商业、以及与封建地主密切结合的工商业,阻碍了商人资本的进一步形成和积累,加深了自上而下的封闭式的小农经济,致使我国封建社会长期停滞不前,经历了一个漫长的历史阶段。秦汉统治者(尤其是秦始皇与汉武帝)为什么要施行“抑末”政策呢?除政治、经济、军事的原因外,我认为还可以从当时的文化氛围与统治者的心理特征去考察其文化与心理因素。
Qin and Han dynasties are two unified dynasties. Both prosperous business and leaping merchant capitals have emerged. Both the rulers of the two Koreas implemented the “end to end” policy and cracked down and suppressed the business people and their businesses. By the time of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the implementation of the policy of “suppressing end” reached its climax and could be described as incisively and vividly. Historians generally agree that the policy of “focusing on agriculture and restraining one’s interests” is an indispensable policy for the transition from slavery to feudalism and the parallel transition from slavery to feudalism to a single landlord-peasant economy Measures. Therefore, in the early days of the feudal society, its positive role should be affirmed. At the same time, in the long run, official business and commerce, as well as business and industry closely linked to feudal landlords, impeded the further formation of merchant capital And accumulation have deepened the closed-ended small-peasant economy from top to bottom, which has led to the long-term historical stage of the feudal society in our country stagnating for a long period of time. Why should the Qin and Han rulers (especially the Qin Shi Huang and the Han Emperor) carry out the policy of “restraining the end?” I think that apart from political, economic and military reasons, we can also examine the cultural atmosphere of the time and the psychological characteristics of the rulers Its cultural and psychological factors.