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从1776年英国古典政治学家亚当·斯密第一个提出生产经济学的概念算起,管理科学的发展已有两百余年的历史了。管理科学的知识已浩如烟海,任何个人想要全揽是相当困难的。在管理科学日渐成熟并成为一门独立学科的过程中,管理者逐渐发现、提出一些观点,并由理论研究者把它提炼、综合成一些基本原理,它们是:系统原理、整分合原理、反馈原理、封闭原理、能级原
From the first concept of production economics put forward by Adam Smith, the British classical political scientist, in 1776, the development of management science has been more than two hundred years old. Knowledge of management science has soared, and it is quite difficult for any individual to want to take it. As management science matures and becomes an independent discipline, managers gradually find that they put forward some ideas and are refined by theoretical researchers into some basic principles. They are: system principle, principle of integer combination, Feedback principle, closed principle, energy level original