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摘要：在教学中，笔者发现有一小部分学生，整天背诵单词，但成绩难以提升。笔者课后和学生交流、讨论，发现英语运用能力的“瓶颈”除了词汇量积累外，就是句子结构不清楚，语法难以掌握。于是，笔者把简单句句型进行讲解、训练，收到的效果甚佳。现将自己平时的教法归纳成文，旨在与同行交流。
关键词：英语教学；基本句型解读；高考链接
中图分类号：G632.0 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1992-7711（2016）03-0091
一、五种基本句型
1. （1）S vi ，vi（不及物动词）后不可以直跟宾语。常见的动词如：arrive， come， live， exist， rise， appear， apologize， happen， work 等。
e.g. The accident happened to the poor old woman yesterday .
e.g. I must apologize for not being able to meet you.
（2）一些Vt.转化为Vi，常用主动表被动。如：wash， sell， lock， wear， write， read等。
e.g. This sweater washes well.
2. S vt O，vt（及物动词）后直接接宾语，其宾语常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。常见动词有：enjoy， explain， invent， guess， raise， use， accept， admire， admit， affect， afford， celebrate， discover， educate， equip， supply等。
e.g. I admire him for his success in business.
3. S V P，此句型中的动词为Link.Veb，用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般分为两类：
（1）表状态的连系动词，如：be， look， seem， smell， taste， stand， keep， remain， continue， stay等。
e.g. The soup tastes salty.
（2）表转变或结果的联系动词。如：become， get， grow， turn， go， come， fall， prove等。
e.g. The milk went sour.
4. S V OI OD，OI为间接宾语，是主语接受的对象或行为施予的对象，多由指“sb.”的名词或代词承担。OD为直接宾语，是给予的对象，由表示“sth.”的名词来充当。引导这类双宾语的常见动词：
（1）可改为“to”型的句式：常见的动词有：bring， give， pass， hand， offer， pay， post， promise， return， send， serve， show， teach， tell等。
e.g. She promised a nice gift to me on Christmas Day.
（2）可改为“for”型的句式：常见的动词有：buy， choose， make等。
e.g. My father bought a new bike for me on my birthday.
5. S V O C，这种句型中的“宾语 宾补”通称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用是补充，说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。
e.g. Keep the children quiet， please. e.g. I find him a reliable man.
e.g. The boss made him do the work all day. e.g. I have my hair cut.
e.g. We last saw the boy playing near the river bank.
e.g. I always keep my keys in my pocket.
下列动词在主动语态中用不带to的动词不定式做补足语，但是，在被动语态中要加to，它们是：“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——五看（watch，see， notice， look at， observe），三使（ have，let，make ）；二听（hear， listen to ）；一感觉（feel）。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语（主语）补足语。
（除let， make），都可以用现在分词作宾语（主语）补足语，此外find，catch，keep，leave，也可用现在分词作宾语（主语）补足语。如：
e.g. I hate to see you leave so soon.
e.g. Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
e.g. At that time， I found him crying in the street.
（1）感官动词see， watch ，observe， look at 等词宾语补足语的形式：
e.g. I heard her sing an English song just now.
e.g. I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. e.g. I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.
（2）have ，get后可接动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语。
①have something done = get something done
e.g. I’ll have get my bike repaired tomorrow.
②have somebody / something doing使/让某人/物持续地做
e.g. The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front.
have somebody/something doing （否定句中，表容忍）
e.g. I won’t have you speaking to your mother like that.
③have somebody do something 使/让某人做某事
e.g. Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
二、简单句的常见考点
1. 祈使句 and/or 主语 will 其他成分
e.g.Start out right away， or you’ll miss the first train.
e.g.Work hard and you will make progress.
2. 祈使句或祈使句反意疑问句：
e.g. Knock at the door before you enter my room， please.
3. 简单句或疑问句：e.g. Sarah made it to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.
4. 倒装句：e.g. There stood a girl he had never seen before.
5. 感叹句：e.g. What present do you expect she has got for your birthday？
高考链接：
（1）I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. （2012. 四川）
（2）Let those in need understand that when will go all out to help them.
（2013. 陕西）
（3）Observe carefully， if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab .（2014. 北京卷）
（4）This cycle goes day after day.（2015. 全国卷 II）
（5）Peter will take up his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month.（2015. 陕西）
三、对重点语法的理解与应用
1. 在名词性从句中，同学们只要会分析名词性从句中缺什么成分，关系词就一目了然.
e.g. I think what impresses me about his painting is the colors he uses.
I think 后是宾语从句，它的谓语动词是is，其前是主语从句，主语从句中谓语动词impresses前缺主语，需用what 引导。
2. 在定语从句中，从句缺什么成分，就可选用相应的连接词。
e.g. I looked straight into her eyes， where anger was replaced by sympathy.先行词是her eyes， 根据句意可知her eyes 表示的“anger was replaced by sympathy “发生的地点，所以用where 引导定语从句。
3. 简单句在作文当中，说它四两拨千斤，一点也不夸张。试想，一篇100单词左右的短文。大约需要八九个句子，简单句基本占五六句。更何况复合句、并列句等也是由简单句组成。
（作者单位：陕西省咸阳中学 712000）
关键词：英语教学；基本句型解读；高考链接
中图分类号：G632.0 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1992-7711（2016）03-0091
一、五种基本句型
1. （1）S vi ，vi（不及物动词）后不可以直跟宾语。常见的动词如：arrive， come， live， exist， rise， appear， apologize， happen， work 等。
e.g. The accident happened to the poor old woman yesterday .
e.g. I must apologize for not being able to meet you.
（2）一些Vt.转化为Vi，常用主动表被动。如：wash， sell， lock， wear， write， read等。
e.g. This sweater washes well.
2. S vt O，vt（及物动词）后直接接宾语，其宾语常由名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句等来充当。常见动词有：enjoy， explain， invent， guess， raise， use， accept， admire， admit， affect， afford， celebrate， discover， educate， equip， supply等。
e.g. I admire him for his success in business.
3. S V P，此句型中的动词为Link.Veb，用来表示主语的特点、身份等。其系动词一般分为两类：
（1）表状态的连系动词，如：be， look， seem， smell， taste， stand， keep， remain， continue， stay等。
e.g. The soup tastes salty.
（2）表转变或结果的联系动词。如：become， get， grow， turn， go， come， fall， prove等。
e.g. The milk went sour.
4. S V OI OD，OI为间接宾语，是主语接受的对象或行为施予的对象，多由指“sb.”的名词或代词承担。OD为直接宾语，是给予的对象，由表示“sth.”的名词来充当。引导这类双宾语的常见动词：
（1）可改为“to”型的句式：常见的动词有：bring， give， pass， hand， offer， pay， post， promise， return， send， serve， show， teach， tell等。
e.g. She promised a nice gift to me on Christmas Day.
（2）可改为“for”型的句式：常见的动词有：buy， choose， make等。
e.g. My father bought a new bike for me on my birthday.
5. S V O C，这种句型中的“宾语 宾补”通称为“复合宾语”。宾语补足语的主要作用是补充，说明宾语的特点、身份等；或者表示让宾语去完成的动作等。担任补语的常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。
e.g. Keep the children quiet， please. e.g. I find him a reliable man.
e.g. The boss made him do the work all day. e.g. I have my hair cut.
e.g. We last saw the boy playing near the river bank.
e.g. I always keep my keys in my pocket.
下列动词在主动语态中用不带to的动词不定式做补足语，但是，在被动语态中要加to，它们是：“吾看三室两厅一感觉”——五看（watch，see， notice， look at， observe），三使（ have，let，make ）；二听（hear， listen to ）；一感觉（feel）。以上动词还可用现在分词作宾语（主语）补足语。
（除let， make），都可以用现在分词作宾语（主语）补足语，此外find，catch，keep，leave，也可用现在分词作宾语（主语）补足语。如：
e.g. I hate to see you leave so soon.
e.g. Someone was heard to come up the stairs.
e.g. At that time， I found him crying in the street.
（1）感官动词see， watch ，observe， look at 等词宾语补足语的形式：
e.g. I heard her sing an English song just now.
e.g. I heard her singing an English song when I passed by her room yesterday. e.g. I looked down at my neck and found my necklace gone.
（2）have ，get后可接动词不定式、现在分词、过去分词作宾语补足语。
①have something done = get something done
e.g. I’ll have get my bike repaired tomorrow.
②have somebody / something doing使/让某人/物持续地做
e.g. The captain got the soldiers moving toward the front.
have somebody/something doing （否定句中，表容忍）
e.g. I won’t have you speaking to your mother like that.
③have somebody do something 使/让某人做某事
e.g. Mother had me go to the shop and buy some salt.
二、简单句的常见考点
1. 祈使句 and/or 主语 will 其他成分
e.g.Start out right away， or you’ll miss the first train.
e.g.Work hard and you will make progress.
2. 祈使句或祈使句反意疑问句：
e.g. Knock at the door before you enter my room， please.
3. 简单句或疑问句：e.g. Sarah made it to the airport just in time to catch her plane this morning.
4. 倒装句：e.g. There stood a girl he had never seen before.
5. 感叹句：e.g. What present do you expect she has got for your birthday？
高考链接：
（1）I looked up and noticed a snake winding its way up the tree to catch its breakfast. （2012. 四川）
（2）Let those in need understand that when will go all out to help them.
（2013. 陕西）
（3）Observe carefully， if any change occurs when doing experiments in the lab .（2014. 北京卷）
（4）This cycle goes day after day.（2015. 全国卷 II）
（5）Peter will take up his post as the head of the travel agency at the end of next month.（2015. 陕西）
三、对重点语法的理解与应用
1. 在名词性从句中，同学们只要会分析名词性从句中缺什么成分，关系词就一目了然.
e.g. I think what impresses me about his painting is the colors he uses.
I think 后是宾语从句，它的谓语动词是is，其前是主语从句，主语从句中谓语动词impresses前缺主语，需用what 引导。
2. 在定语从句中，从句缺什么成分，就可选用相应的连接词。
e.g. I looked straight into her eyes， where anger was replaced by sympathy.先行词是her eyes， 根据句意可知her eyes 表示的“anger was replaced by sympathy “发生的地点，所以用where 引导定语从句。
3. 简单句在作文当中，说它四两拨千斤，一点也不夸张。试想，一篇100单词左右的短文。大约需要八九个句子，简单句基本占五六句。更何况复合句、并列句等也是由简单句组成。
（作者单位：陕西省咸阳中学 712000）