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Background Hyperglycemia may accelerate liver fibrosis.Currently,there is no effective treatment for liver fibrosis induced by type 2 diabetes.The study aim was to investigate whether RhoA/Rho kinase (ROCK) pathway is involved in liver fibrosis in the rats with type 2 diabetes and define the protective effects of fasudil on livers.Methods A rat model of type 2 diabetes was established by high fat diet combined with streptozotocin (30 mg/kg,intraperitoneal injection).Animals were randomly assigned to 3 groups:control rats,untreated diabetic rats that received vehicle and fasudil-treated diabetic rats that received ROCK inhibitor fasudil hydrochloride hydrate (10 mg/kg per day,intraperitoneal injection,for 14 weeks).The morphological features of liver were observed by HE staining.Accumulation of collagen in livers was determined by Masson staining and the measurement of hydroxyproline.The mRNA expression of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1),connective tissue growth factor (CTGF),type-Ⅰ,and type-Ⅲ procollagen was assessed with real-time polymerase chain reaction.The phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase target subunit-1 (MYPT1)and the protein levels of TGFβ1 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were evaluated by West blotting.Results Compared with control rats,untreated diabetic rats showed higher values of collagen and hydroxyproline in livers (P ＜0.01),the phosphorylation of MYPT1 and the protein levels of TGFβ1 and α-SMA were increased (P ＜0.01),and the mRNA expression of TGFβ1,CTGF,type-Ⅰ,and type-Ⅲ procollagen was upregulated (P ＜0.01); compared with untreated diabetic rats,treatment with fasudil signifcantly reduced values of collagen and hydroxyproline (P ＜0.01),and decreased the phosphorylation of MYPT1 and the levels of TGFβ1 and α-SMA (P ＜0.01),concomitant with the downregulation of TGFβ1/CTGF,type-Ⅰ,and type-Ⅲ procollagen mRNA expression (P ＜0.01).Conclusions Fasudil ameliorates liver fibrosis in rats with type 2 diabetes at least partly by inhibiting TGFβ1/CTGF pathway and α-SMA expression.Inhibition of RhoA/ROCK may be a novel therapeutic target for liver fibrosis in diabetic non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.