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Background The human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G) has been considered to be an important tolerogeneic molecule playing an essential role in matal-fetal tolerance,upregulated in the context of transplantation,malignancy,and inflammation,and has been correlated with various clinical outcomes.The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical relevance of the expression of membrane HLA-G (mHLA-G),intracellular HLA-G (iHLA-G),and soluble HLA-G (sHLA-G) in the peripheral blood of live kidney transplant recipients.Methods We compared the expression of the three HLA-G isoforms in three groups,healthy donors (n=20),recipients with acute rejection (n=19),and functioning transplants (n=30).Flow cytometry was used to detect the expression of mHLA-G and iHLA-G in the T lymphocytes of peripheral blood from subjects in the three groups.Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used to detect sHLA-G in the plasma from the three groups.Results There were no significant differences in mHLA-G and intracellular HLA-G among the three groups,but the sHLA-G plasma level was higher in the functioning group than in the acute rejection or healthy group.We found a subset of CD4+HLA-G+ and CD8+HLA-G+T lymphocytes with low rates of mHLA-G expression in the peripheral blood of kidney transplantation recipients.Intracellular expression of HLA-G was detected in T lymphocytes.However,there was no correlation between acute rejection and the mHLA-G or intracellular HLA-G expression.Conclusion sHLA-G was the major isoform in the peripheral blood of live kidney transplant recipients and high sHLA-G levels were associated with allograft acceptance.