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Activation of myeloid cells by human endogenous retroviral entities: While the exact causes of neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are still elusive, there is evidence of a new category of pathogen-ic elements called human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) which seem to contribute to their evolution and progression by exerting inflammatory and degenerative effects (Küry et al., 2018). HERVs are ancient retroviral elements which account for up to 8% of the human genome and it is known that envi-ronmental factors can trigger their (re-)expression (Küry et al., 2018). The resulting production of viral particles and/or pro-teins, especially from members of the HERV-W and HERV-K family, is strongly correlated with the onset and progression of neurological diseases, such as MS and ALS (Küry et al., 2018).