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文章全面梳理马克思价值概念的发展过程。1847年,马克思指出经济范畴是由社会决定的,随后1859年引入抽象劳动的概念,1867年又引入了劳动力的概念,并认为价值是交换价值的实体但又不同于交换价值。马克思曾向恩格斯指出,价值概念预设了所有不发达的、前资本主义生产方式的解体,这些生产方式整体上不是被交换所控制的。这个预设反映在《资本论》关于充分的、完全的资本主义生产方式的构想中。然而,这种完全的资本主义构想,损害了在马克思主义中应有的对“资本积累”的理解。价值概念一定包含非资本主义生产方式的持续渗透,这正是卢森堡政治经济学遗产的核心。卢森堡在政治经济学领域的研究是对马克思工作的清晰的延续,虽然她是以不同的方式来研究这一问题的。可见,价值是马克思理解资本主义生产方式的基础,也就是说,它是《资本论》的理论核心。但是,如果我们让它蕴含着非资本主义生产方式不断解体的意义,价值概念会被“污染”吗?
The article comprehensively sorts out the development of Marx’s concept of value. In 1847, Marx pointed out that the economic category was determined by the society. Then the concept of abstract labor was introduced in 1859, and the concept of labor was introduced in 1867. Value was the entity that exchanged value but differed from the exchange value. Marx once pointed out to Engels that the concept of value presupposes the disintegration of all underdeveloped, pre-capitalist modes of production that are not, as a whole, controlled by exchanges. This presupposition is reflected in the concept of capital in its conception of a full and complete capitalist mode of production. However, this complete conception of capitalism undermines the understanding that “capital accumulation” should have in Marxism. The concept of value must include the continued infiltration of non-capitalist modes of production, which is at the core of Luxembourg’s political and economic heritage. The study of Luxembourg in the field of political economy was a clear continuation of Marx’s work, though she studied it in different ways. Therefore, value is the basis for Marx’s understanding of the capitalist mode of production. That is to say, it is the theoretical core of “capitalism.” However, if we let it contain the meaning of non-capitalist means of production that continue to disintegrate, will the concept of value be “polluted”?