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(一) 在马克思以前,学者们对“价值”的理解,可以说是众说纷纭。古希腊的柏拉图是最早涉及这个问题的人之一,他把价值定义为:“物品所固有的绝对性”即从使用价值的意义上理解价值的。与此相反,罗马和中世纪的学者们则是从交换价值的意义上来理解和使用价值概念的。到了亚当·斯密那里,他把价值分解为使用价值和交换价值,并把它们分别定义为物满足人们需要和交换的能力。这种分解法,后来被经济学家们所沿袭,并且后来,在文字上出现了并不十分合理的现象,从价值概念中分解出来的交换价值,在许多经济学家那里,又被习称为“价值”。
(A) Before Marx, scholars’ opinions on “value” can be said to be divergent opinions. Plato, the ancient Greek, was one of the earliest people to deal with this issue. He defined the value as: “the absolute nature of the goods,” that is, from the value of the use of value to understand the value. In contrast, Roman and medieval scholars understood and used the notion of value in the sense of exchanging value. To Adam Smith, he breaks down the value into use value and exchange value, and defines them as the ability to meet people’s needs and exchange. This method of decomposition, which was followed by economists and later appeared to be less than reasonable in writing, and the value of the exchange decomposed from the notion of value, has been used by many economists For “value.”