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核心词是基本词汇中最稳固的词汇,反映方言的共性;特征词是方言独有词汇,反映方言的个性。比较源自陕西关中话的新疆焉耆话和中亚东干语,发现:(1)分布范围广的核心词,焉耆话和东干语基本保留,分布范围居中的二级特征词焉耆话保留近三分之二,东干语保留三分之一;而分布范围窄的一级特征词焉耆话和东干语大多丢失。核心词和特征词分布范围的宽窄与词汇保留量成正比。(2)特征语素和特别组合的消失是方言词汇异化的重要方式。(3)焉耆话和东干语词汇演化的不同取决于语言环境。
The core words are the most stable words in the basic vocabulary, reflecting the commonalities of dialects. The characteristic words are unique words in dialects, reflecting the dialect’s individuality. The comparison of Yanqi dialect in Xinjiang and Guanzhong in Central Asia from Guanzhong in Shaanxi province shows that: (1) the core words of a wide range of distribution, the second-order characteristic words of Yanjian dialect and Donggan dialect, Two thirds, Donggan language to retain one-third; and narrow distribution of the first-level characteristic words Yanjian and Donggan mostly lost. The width of the distribution range of core words and feature words is proportional to the retention of vocabulary. (2) The disappearance of the characteristic morpheme and the special combination is an important way of dialectical vocabulary alienation. (3) Differences between the evolution of the vocabulary of the Yankei language and the Donggan language depend on the language environment.