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京债,又名官债,在中国历史上主要指官员在京城所借的高利贷。官员借贷京债现象在清代尤为严重,从而引起了朝野的广泛关注。虽自顺治朝即颁布法令严禁,但除了乾隆朝一度出台的收效甚微的预借养廉银政策外,有清一朝并无其他解决措施。清廷接二连三的禁令,正是京债泛滥与失控的映射。清代京债的年利率以100%以上为常态,利息高达本金数倍者亦不在少数。虽然研究者认为清代普通高利贷资本的利率有一个逐渐降低的过程,但京债的利率并未显著降低,这正突出了京债的独特性。债官外任,迫于超高利息的债务,不挪用公帑,则朘削民脂,更有带同债主赴任管事而伙同为奸者,由此造成了地方吏治的腐败。
Beijing bonds, also known as government bonds, in Chinese history mainly refer to the loan sharks borrowed by officials in the capital. The phenomenon of officials borrowing and lending Beijing bonds was particularly serious in the Qing Dynasty, which aroused wide attention from the government and the public. Although the rule of Shunzhi was promulgated by law, it was strictly forbidden. However, there was no resolution other than the pre-borrowing and mercenary policy with little effect once proclaimed by Qianlong. The successive ban on the Qing court is precisely the mapping of the proliferation and loss of control of the Beijing government. In the Qing Dynasty, the annual interest rate of Beijing bonds was above 100%, and the interest was up to several times the principal amount. Although researchers think that there is a gradual decrease in the interest rate of ordinary usury capital in the Qing Dynasty, the interest rate of Beijing Bonds has not dropped significantly, which highlights the uniqueness of the Beijing Bonds. Since the debtors are appointed to foreign debt and are forced to borrow at very high interest rates and do not misappropriate their public funds, the government officials and the creditors are brought together to act in concert with the creditors. As a result, corruption in local officials is caused.