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【摘要】 猜测词义题是近年的高考阅读理解中比较常见的题型,主要考查考生根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查考生对语境的分析和把握能力。如何培养学生高考阅读理解猜词能力是教师阅读教学的重要任务,也是学生急待掌握的一种主要的学习策略。
【关键词】 猜词技巧 语境 对比线索 构词法
【中图分类号】 G423 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1006-5962(2012)06(a)-0029-02
猜测词义题主要考查考生根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查考生对语境的分析和把握能力。如果考生具备了较强的猜词能力,那么对于降低生词率,排除阅读理解中生词的干扰和最终提高阅读速度和解题能力都有极大帮助。因此,今天我们来谈一谈如何猜测语义的方法。
一、了解高考英语阅读理解猜词题常用命题形式
高考英语阅读理解猜词题常用以下形式来命题:
1.The underlined word in the passage means _______．
2.The word "it(them)"in the first paragraph refers to_______．
3.The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _______
4.Which of the following is nearest /closest in meaning to “……” ?
5.What does(do)the underlined word(words)refer to？
6.According to the passage, “……” probably means _______.
7.The author uses the word “……” to mean _________.
8.The underlined word/phrase/team “……”means _________.
9.The word “……” in paragraph ……refers to _________.
10.What does “……” in the second paragraph stands for?
二、如何培养学生高考阅读理解猜词能力
(一)利用上下文语境线索、准确猜测词义
掌握一定的猜词技巧、利用上下文提供的情景和线索猜词是阅读过程中的一大关键,也是近年来高考考查的热点。众所周知,英语阅读材料中的每个词都不是孤立的,每个词都要与其前后的词语、句子甚至段落发生着千丝万缕的联系。教师在平时的阅读训练中应及时向学生传授一些阅读猜词的技能和策略,教会学生利用语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析从而推测出词义。例如:
(2011新课标全国卷C篇)Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husband’s income.So this year she did something more than a hobby:She planted vegetables in her yard. For her first garden,Ms Feeley has put in 15 tomato plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetables.The family’s old farm house has become a chicken bourse,its residents arriving next month.
64.What does the word“residents”in Paragraph 1 probably refer to?
A.chickens B. tomatoes C. gardens D. people
分析 本题正确答案为Ａ．由前文The family’s old farm house has become a chicken bourse可知,家里的老房子已經变成了养鸡场,暗示下文its residents arriving next month中的指的是chickens。
(二)利用定义和解释性线索猜测词义
阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报道及科普类文章中的生词,往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子,如to be,that is,mean,stand for,namely,to refer to,to mean,in other words,for example等,有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现,或用破折号、括弧来表示。如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是在推断词义。
(2011湖北卷Ｂ篇)Howling, interestingly, is a contagious behavior．When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will follow．This is often seen to occur in the morning, as if wolves were doing some sort of “roll call” where wolves all howl together to report their presence．
58．“Howling… is a contagious behaviour”(in the last paragraph)means_______．
A．howling is a signal for hunting
B．howling is a way of communication C．howling often occurs in the morning
D．howling spreads from one to another
分析 本题正确答案为Ｄ 由第二句的解释可知,狼嚎具有传染性,一头狼吼叫之后其他狼跟着效仿,于是出现群嚎现象。
(三)利用对比线索猜测词义
有时文章作者为了增强表达效果,会用一组反义词或近义词揭示事物的不同或相同之处,形成鲜明的对比。这时只要把握其中的一个词,就不难推断出另一个词的含义,此时句中多会出现:unlike,although,but,yet,while,on the contrary,on the other hand,instead of,rather than等信息词。例如:
(2011重庆卷Ａ篇)There was a gardener who looked after his garden with great care .To water his flowers, he used two buckers .One was a shiny and new bucket. The other was a very old and dilapidated one. Which had seen many years of service, but was now past its best.
56.What does the underlined word“dilapidated”probably mean?
A.Dirty B.Dark C.Worn-out D.Plain-looking.
分析 本題正确答案为Ｃ。划线词的前面提到其中第一只桶又新又亮;后面提到第二只桶已经使用多年了,现在已经风光不再,由此推知它已经破旧了。
(四)利用构词法猜测语义
阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词,可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。例如下列常用词缀分别表示不同的含义,而由此生成的派生词汇便形成了:
-hood 时期,状态,性质 --- childhood (童年时期)
-proof 防…的 --- waterproof (防水的)
inter- 在……之间 ---nteraction (相互影响)
super- 超 --- supergirl (超级女声)
re- 再反复 --- rearrange (重新安排)
sub- 底下,分支的 --- subway (地铁)
co-一 同,一起 --- co-author (合著人)
post- 后--- postmodern (后现代)
pre- 之前--- prehistoric (史前的)
例如:
(2010山东卷B篇)We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible,but it would be far better if we did not need to brng so much material home in the first place.
61.What dose the underlined phrase “that over-consumption”refer to?
A.Using too much packaging.
B.Recycling too many wastes.
C.Making more products than necessary.
D.Having more material than is needed.
分析 本题正确答案为D 划线部分中的over-consumption是一个派生词,其前缀“over”意思为“过度的、过多的”,故该词词义为“过度消费”。
总之,猜词技巧是一种学习策略,即学习方法,它是英语词汇学习的一种主要的学习策略。实践证明,猜词技巧的培养能明显提高英语阅读水平、有助于学生迅速扩充词汇量,增强阅读兴趣,提高阅读能力。
【关键词】 猜词技巧 语境 对比线索 构词法
【中图分类号】 G423 【文献标识码】 A 【文章编号】 1006-5962(2012)06(a)-0029-02
猜测词义题主要考查考生根据上下文推测生词和短语的能力,突出考查考生对语境的分析和把握能力。如果考生具备了较强的猜词能力,那么对于降低生词率,排除阅读理解中生词的干扰和最终提高阅读速度和解题能力都有极大帮助。因此,今天我们来谈一谈如何猜测语义的方法。
一、了解高考英语阅读理解猜词题常用命题形式
高考英语阅读理解猜词题常用以下形式来命题:
1.The underlined word in the passage means _______．
2.The word "it(them)"in the first paragraph refers to_______．
3.The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means _______
4.Which of the following is nearest /closest in meaning to “……” ?
5.What does(do)the underlined word(words)refer to？
6.According to the passage, “……” probably means _______.
7.The author uses the word “……” to mean _________.
8.The underlined word/phrase/team “……”means _________.
9.The word “……” in paragraph ……refers to _________.
10.What does “……” in the second paragraph stands for?
二、如何培养学生高考阅读理解猜词能力
(一)利用上下文语境线索、准确猜测词义
掌握一定的猜词技巧、利用上下文提供的情景和线索猜词是阅读过程中的一大关键,也是近年来高考考查的热点。众所周知,英语阅读材料中的每个词都不是孤立的,每个词都要与其前后的词语、句子甚至段落发生着千丝万缕的联系。教师在平时的阅读训练中应及时向学生传授一些阅读猜词的技能和策略,教会学生利用语境进行合乎逻辑的综合分析从而推测出词义。例如:
(2011新课标全国卷C篇)Cassandra Feeley finds it hard to manage on her husband’s income.So this year she did something more than a hobby:She planted vegetables in her yard. For her first garden,Ms Feeley has put in 15 tomato plants, and five rows of a variety of vegetables.The family’s old farm house has become a chicken bourse,its residents arriving next month.
64.What does the word“residents”in Paragraph 1 probably refer to?
A.chickens B. tomatoes C. gardens D. people
分析 本题正确答案为Ａ．由前文The family’s old farm house has become a chicken bourse可知,家里的老房子已經变成了养鸡场,暗示下文its residents arriving next month中的指的是chickens。
(二)利用定义和解释性线索猜测词义
阅读文章中的有些生词尤其是新闻报道及科普类文章中的生词,往往在其后有对该词进行解释说明性的短语或句子,如to be,that is,mean,stand for,namely,to refer to,to mean,in other words,for example等,有时也以同位语、定语从句的形式出现,或用破折号、括弧来表示。如果生词是句子或段落所解释的定义,理解句子或段落本身就是在推断词义。
(2011湖北卷Ｂ篇)Howling, interestingly, is a contagious behavior．When one wolf starts to howl, very likely others will follow．This is often seen to occur in the morning, as if wolves were doing some sort of “roll call” where wolves all howl together to report their presence．
58．“Howling… is a contagious behaviour”(in the last paragraph)means_______．
A．howling is a signal for hunting
B．howling is a way of communication C．howling often occurs in the morning
D．howling spreads from one to another
分析 本题正确答案为Ｄ 由第二句的解释可知,狼嚎具有传染性,一头狼吼叫之后其他狼跟着效仿,于是出现群嚎现象。
(三)利用对比线索猜测词义
有时文章作者为了增强表达效果,会用一组反义词或近义词揭示事物的不同或相同之处,形成鲜明的对比。这时只要把握其中的一个词,就不难推断出另一个词的含义,此时句中多会出现:unlike,although,but,yet,while,on the contrary,on the other hand,instead of,rather than等信息词。例如:
(2011重庆卷Ａ篇)There was a gardener who looked after his garden with great care .To water his flowers, he used two buckers .One was a shiny and new bucket. The other was a very old and dilapidated one. Which had seen many years of service, but was now past its best.
56.What does the underlined word“dilapidated”probably mean?
A.Dirty B.Dark C.Worn-out D.Plain-looking.
分析 本題正确答案为Ｃ。划线词的前面提到其中第一只桶又新又亮;后面提到第二只桶已经使用多年了,现在已经风光不再,由此推知它已经破旧了。
(四)利用构词法猜测语义
阅读中常会遇到一些由所熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词,可利用构词法知识来推测其意思。例如下列常用词缀分别表示不同的含义,而由此生成的派生词汇便形成了:
-hood 时期,状态,性质 --- childhood (童年时期)
-proof 防…的 --- waterproof (防水的)
inter- 在……之间 ---nteraction (相互影响)
super- 超 --- supergirl (超级女声)
re- 再反复 --- rearrange (重新安排)
sub- 底下,分支的 --- subway (地铁)
co-一 同,一起 --- co-author (合著人)
post- 后--- postmodern (后现代)
pre- 之前--- prehistoric (史前的)
例如:
(2010山东卷B篇)We are dealing with the results of that over-consumption in the greenest way possible,but it would be far better if we did not need to brng so much material home in the first place.
61.What dose the underlined phrase “that over-consumption”refer to?
A.Using too much packaging.
B.Recycling too many wastes.
C.Making more products than necessary.
D.Having more material than is needed.
分析 本题正确答案为D 划线部分中的over-consumption是一个派生词,其前缀“over”意思为“过度的、过多的”,故该词词义为“过度消费”。
总之,猜词技巧是一种学习策略,即学习方法,它是英语词汇学习的一种主要的学习策略。实践证明,猜词技巧的培养能明显提高英语阅读水平、有助于学生迅速扩充词汇量,增强阅读兴趣,提高阅读能力。