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《手稿》直接地说是马克思对政治经济学和历史的批判研究的结果。马克思吸收了黑格尔关于劳动是人的本质的合理思想 ,把经济学的劳动范畴与劳动主体即人结合起来 ,得出了“人类的特性恰恰就是自由的自觉的活动”的结论 ,并且 ,按照费尔巴哈“从感性出发确定东西”的原则 ,将这种“自由的自觉的活动”置于感性的基础之上 ,劳动的主体是现实的感性的人 ,劳动本身是客观的物质活动 ,而不是黑格尔所说的“自我意识设定物”。这样 ,在人的本质问题上 ,马克思形成了对黑格尔和费尔巴哈的双向超越。相对于这种理想化的自由自觉的活动 ,马克思认为资本主义下的雇佣劳动就是一种异化劳动 ,异化劳动是私有制及私有制社会“各种矛盾”的根源 ,是人性丧失的根源 ,要达到人性的复归 ,就要消除异化 ,毁弃私有财产 ,达到“共产主义”。
“Manuscripts” is a direct result of Marx’s critical study of political economy and history. Marx absorbed Hegel’s reasonable thought that labor is human essence and combined the category of labor in economics with the subject of labor, and concluded that “human characteristics are precisely free and conscious activities.” Moreover, According to Feuerbach “from the perceptual determination of things” principle, this “free and conscious activity” placed on the basis of sensibility, the main body of the work is the reality of sensual people, the work itself is an objective material activity , Not what Hegel called “self-awareness setting.” In this way, on the issue of human nature, Marx formed a two-way transcendence of Hegel and Feuerbach. In contrast with this idealized free and conscious activity, Marx believes that wage labor under capitalism is a kind of alienated labor. Alienated labor is the source of “various contradictions” in private-owned and private-owned societies. It is the root cause of human loss and human nature Of the return, we must eliminate alienation, destroy private property, to achieve “communism.”